THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2022 2 IWGIA – The Indigenous World – 2022 The Indigenous World 2022 36th Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Editor: Dwayne Mamo Regional editors: David Nathaniel Berger, Nikita Bulanin, Lola García-Alix, Marianne Wiben Jensen, Signe Leth, Ena Alvarado Madsen, Dwayne Mamo, Alejandro Parellada, Geneviève Rose, Stefan Thorsell and Kathrin Wessendorf Maps: David Nathaniel Berger and Dwayne Mamo Cover photograph: Indigenous Women stand up and take the lead in the land rights struggle of their community in Jharkhand, India. Photo credit: Signe Leth / IWGIA English translation: Elaine Bolton Proofreading: Elaine Bolton, Käthe Jepsen and Dwayne Mamo Design and layout: www.NickPurserDesign.com Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Grafisk Design & Tryk, Copenhagen, Denmark © The authors and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), 2022. All Rights Reserved HURIDOCS CIP data Title: The Indigenous World 2022 Edited by: Dwayne Mamo Pages: 848 ISSN: 1024-0217 ISBN: 978-87-93961-49-4 Language: English Index: 1. Indigenous Peoples – 2. Yearbook – 3. International Processes BISAC codes: LAW110000 Indigenous Peoples REF027000 Yearbooks & Annuals POLO35010 Political Freedom & Security / Human Rights Geographical area: World Publication date: April 2022 The reproduction and distribution of information contained in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the translation of articles into other languages and of the whole book is not allowed without the consent of IWGIA. The articles in The Indigenous World are produced on a voluntary basis. It is IWGIA’s intention that The Indigenous World should provide a comprehensive update on the situation of Indigenous Peoples worldwide but, unfortunately, it is not always possible to find authors to cover all relevant countries. The articles reflect the authors’ own views and opinions and not necessarily those of IWGIA itself. IWGIA can furthermore not be held responsible for the accuracy of their content. The Indigenous World is published annually in English and Spanish. Executive Director: Kathrin Wessendorf Head of Finance and Administration: Søren Juul Aarslev This book has been produced with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA) PART 1 – Region and country reports – Country 3 Contents Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PART 1 - Region and country reports Africa Algeria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Kenya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Libya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Namibia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Republic of the Congo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Asia Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Cambodia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Myanmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 West Papua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Central and South America and the Caribbean Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Ecuador. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 Guatemala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411 Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Nicaragua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Panama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Paraguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 Rapa Nui (Easter Island). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 Venezuela. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 The Arctic Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Sápmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Central and Eastern Europe, Russian Federation, Central Asia and Transcaucasia Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .510 Palestine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 North America Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 United States of America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 The Pacific Aotearoa (New Zealand). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .581 French Polynesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Hawai’i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600 Kanaky (New Caledonia). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615 Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 PART 2 - International Processes and Initiatives African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) . . . . . . . 628 Arctic Council. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 Business and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 Defending the Rights of Indigenous Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675 European Union Engagement with Indigenous Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 Indigenous Data Sovereignty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691 Indigenous Peoples at the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Indigenous Peoples’ Engagement in the United Nations Food Systems Summit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711 Indigenous Persons with Disabilities Global Network (IPWDGN). . . . . . 720 The Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP). . .730 The Green Climate Fund (GCF). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739 The Indigenous Navigator: Self-Determined Development. . . . . . . . . . . .747 The Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 The work of the UN Treaty Bodies and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights . . . .770 UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). . . . . . . . . . . 802 UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813 UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. . . . . . . . . 822 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 PART 3 - General Information About IWGIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 IWGIA Publications 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841 Author List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846 6 IWGIA – The Indigenous World – 2022 Editorial As the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic throughout 2021, Indigenous Peoples continued to respond to the virus in their traditional and innovative ways while also contending with the daily discrimination they continuously face. In fact, the pandemic has exposed and aggravated the many pre-existing inequalities Indigenous Peoples come up against, as noted by the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in its 20th session in April 2021. The Forum went further to note that this inequality was especially significant for Indigenous women and girls who, already left behind before the pandemic, are now even further behind. Indigenous women play crucial roles in their communities as breadwinners, caretakers, knowledge keepers, leaders and human rights defenders. While Indigenous women have made small but sig- nificant progress in being part of decision-making processes in some communities, have risen to leadership in communal and national roles and stood on the frontline of protests to defend their lands and biodi- versity, the reality remains that they are massively under-represented, disproportionately negatively affected by the decisions made on their behalf without their valuable input, and all too frequently the victims of violence and sexual assault. Indigenous women continue to disproportionately face intersec- tional discrimination and multiple expressions of violence1 – in a world where one in three women experiences violence – and are often exclud- ed from decision-making processes and leadership positions. Violence against Indigenous women triggers other negative effects pertaining to their mental and physical health and lowers their self-worth, thus less- ening their possibilities of earning an income and weakening their level of participation and decision-making powers. What the analysis and reporting in this year’s edition of The Indig- enous World shows is that the picture for Indigenous women across the globe remains unacceptably much the same. Reflected across nearly every continent is the observation that Indigenous women hold a re- spected position within their communities, acknowledged as being the glue that keeps communities together, the repository that holds their Editorial 7 knowledge and the activist that will stand up to protect their lands and the survival of their peoples. And yet it can also be seen that such a po- sition rarely comes with legal rights and formal power. In Laos, for example, only around a quarter of Indigenous wom- en are literate, which contributes to their lack of confidence in being able to speak Lao and thus hinders their ability to participate in pub- lic meetings, over and above the fact that they are already burdened with household, child and community work. Conversely, however, it is because of that work that they are the ones who spend most time in the forests and have the most Indigenous knowledge of food, nutrition and the status of forest resources. And yet, despite that deep knowledge and huge responsibility, they are under-represented in government and as staff of international and local non-governmental and civil society organisations. IWGIA collects data through the Indigenous Navigator, an online portal providing access to a set of tools developed for and by Indige- nous Peoples with resources based on community-generated data. Through the community surveys and advocacy processes of the Indig- enous Navigator, Indigenous women across all regions have reported that they face multiple forms of discrimination, unequal pay, violence and harassment, both inside and outside their communities, limited access to health services, lack of recognition of their land rights, and limited participation in the decision-making that affects their lives. Roles of Indigenous women Indigenous Peoples all over the world face systemic discrimination rooted in persistent racism as well as past and present colonialism. In- digenous Peoples are forced to live in countries created and ruled by the descendants of settler colonialists from overseas, or in countries created after the colonisers had left and which are now ruled by the dominant society’s elites, resulting in their experience of discrimina- tion, dispossession and disempowerment. In a majority of cases reported in this year’s edition, the systemic racism and discrimination they face means that women are often sim- ply described as being the ones caring for families and communities as their major social role. However, in some places, those roles are slowly 8 IWGIA – The Indigenous World – 2022 shifting and women have been successful in increasing their presence in the political space, despite continuing to have to contend with vari- ous challenges. In Nagalim, where communities and customs are generally patri- archal, some Naga women are now able to hold positions of political power in village councils. They have also established seed banks and are preserving their culture through certified woven materials and cul- tural attire that is a major identifier of their peoples. And yet they still cannot inherit land. In Cambodia, the dominant Khmer consider Indig- enous women to be on the lowest echelon of society and yet they are important environmental actors and rights defenders actively engaged in protest and activism. At the same time, however, they are victims of high levels of violence, harassment, threats and arrests at the hands of state authorities and companies. They are also integral to resolving land disputes within their communities but, though highly valued in their communities, they still need their husband’s permission and sup- port to be involved in community matters. There are, however, in limited but growing circumstances, instances where women are rising to lead- ership positions and more are now seeking a university education and work as lawyers and teachers. In Uganda, where Indigenous women struggle to get elected for a variety of reasons – they are the minority in their community, they do not have the ability to raise money for campaigning or have had limited access to education – many are still able to hold important political po- sitions in local government, including as local and district councillors, as well as technical positions within a community’s political structures. At the national level, four Indigenous women hold positions in Parlia- ment and the President’s Office. And, in the USA, Deb Haaland was appointed as the country’s first Native American Secretary of the Interior, working to improve relations with Native nations. Indigenous women in Colombia continued to exert their influence in communities and territories, increasing their participation, including on the national scene where two Indigenous women have become can- didates for the Presidential elections scheduled in 2022. Māori women are increasingly being recognised in various fields and are holding decision-making positions. Ten percent of Members of Parliament self-identify as Māori women, two out of 20 cabinet mem- bers are Māori women and Māori women also co-lead two of the five Editorial 9 parties in Parliament. Despite this progress and respect, discrimination still exists. Māori women have one of the highest rates of incarcera- tion globally, accounting for 63% of the female prison population in the country. Rates of violence against Māori women are considerably higher than that of non-indigenous women, their life expectancy is significant- ly lower, their unemployment rate significantly higher and they are se- verely underpaid for their work. Indigenous women in Chile are politically active in their territories, communities and in national politics, defending their lands and resourc- es. Nine of the 17 seats reserved for Indigenous Peoples in the Constitu- tional Assembly are held by Indigenous women and a Mapuche woman was elected to preside over the assembly. Again, however, Indigenous women face the widest inequalities and gender gaps in the country, be- cause they are women and because they are Indigenous – coming up against barriers to accessing justice, education and proper health care, and facing greater rates of discrimination, poverty and violence. Indigenous women in Argentina organised a huge nationwide march in 2021, culminating in Buenos Aires, to raise awareness of their struggle for self-determination as a people, for their lands and their bodies. These women and children continue to be the demographic that is most affected by COVID-19, the health crisis, lack of water, inad- equate food and the deterioration of the environment. Benet women in Uganda also used their power of protest to call attention to the brutal attacks their people have suffered at the hands of the Uganda Wildlife Authority. In the Philippines, where large infrastructure projects contin- ue apace, Indigenous women protested against dam constructions and non-compliance with free, prior and informed consent protocols (FPIC). Violence against Indigenous women Due to the historic discrimination, marginalisation and exclusion that Indigenous Peoples face in the countries where they live, the likelihood of them suffering violence with impunity increases, and much of this is expressed as violence against Indigenous women. The countless murdered and missing Indigenous women in Canada2 or the countless unreported and unrecorded rape cases against Indigenous women by settlers, military, police, workers from outside, or tourists, are brutal examples of this. Indeed, Indigenous women and girls are significantly 10 IWGIA – The Indigenous World – 2022 more likely to be victims of different forms of sexual violence and more likely to experience rape than non-indigenous women and girls.3 Too many of the reports in this edition note that violence against Indigenous women and girls is continuing at a disturbing rate. Where possible, these cases have been documented, but many go unreported, thus only showing us a partial reality. In India, for example, an October 2021 report noted that there were 3,676 cases of violence against tribal women and girls in 2020, nearly a third of which were cases of rape.4 Further, of the cases of violence documented, few result in any le- gal or criminal action. In Bangladesh, for example, 42 cases of violence against Indigenous women and girls were documented in 2021 by a hu- man rights organisation. Some 60% of the alleged perpetrators were never arrested. In some cases, reports have shown that such violence increased in 2021 during the pandemic. In Botswana, Cambodia and Zimbabwe, cases of rape and domestic abuse increased, causing several NGOs to call for greater attention to women’s rights. Multi-faceted impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples Just as in 2020, equipped with their knowledge and experience of hav- ing faced contagious illnesses and other pandemics across genera- tions, Indigenous Peoples continued to respond to COVID-19 with tradi- tional and new methods for protection and prevention throughout 2021. They did this in the face of the disproportionate discrimination and marginalisation they continually come up against. Some national gov- ernments continued to lack adequate emergency relief programmes, policies and implementation targeted at Indigenous Peoples, offering little to no social, health, education or economic help. In Nepal, for example, Indigenous communities actively used their advocacy skills. They held constructive dialogues with local and provin- cial governments and their national human rights commission regard- ing access to public funds, social services and protection. They have also been monitoring the recovery from the pandemic as well as the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Namibia, the government did provide COVID-19 materials in Indigenous languages but, in other countries such as Botswana, organisations had to step in to provide information in local languages.