The Indigenous Voice in World Politics: Since Time Immemorial

264 Pages·1993·12.384 MB·English

by  Franke Wilmer

THE
INDIGENOUS
VOICE IN
WORLD
POLITICS
VIOLENCE, COOPERATION, PEACE
AN INTERNATIONAL SERIES
Editors: Francis A. Beer, University of Colorado, Boulder,
and Ted Robert Gurr, University of Maryland, College Park
Violence, Cooperation, Peace: An International Series focuses on violent
conflict and the dynamics of peaceful change within and among political
communities. Studies in the series may include the perspectives and evidence
of any of the social sciences or humanities, as well as applied fields such as
conflict management. This international book series emphasizes systematic
scholarship, in which theory and evidence are used to advance our general
understanding of the processes of political violence and peace.
Volumes in the Series
VIOLENCE IN AMERICA, Volume 1: The History of Crime
Ted Robert Gurr, Editor
VIOLENCE IN AMERICA, Volume 2: Protest, Rebellion, Reform
Ted Robert Gurr, Editor
MINUTES TO MIDNIGHT: Nuclear Weapons Protest in America
Frances B. McCrea & Gerald E. Markle
POWER AND CONFLICT: Toward a General Theory
Hubert M. Blalock, Jr.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF WAR
Betty Glad, Editor
FROM CONFRONTATION TO COOPERATION: Resolving Ethnic and
Regional Conflict
Jay Rothman
THE INDIGENOUS VOICE IN WORLD POLITICS: Since Time Immemorial
Franke Wilmer
THE
INDIGENOUS
VOICE IN
WORLD
POLITICS
Since Time Immemoria
Franke Wilmer
Violence, Cooperation, Peace An International Series
( fo SAGE Publications
I International Educational and Professional Publisher
vy NewbuiyPark London New Delhi
Front cover art by Frank Caplette, drawing of Plenty Coups, warrior and spiritual leader
of the Crow people, the last leader chosen by a traditional system of government.
Copyright © 1993 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wilmer, Franke.
The indigenous voice in world politics : since time immemorial /
Franke Wilmer.
p. cm. — (Violence, cooperation, peace ; 7)
Includes bibliographical references (p. 231) and index.
ISBN 0-8039-5334-8 (cl). — ISBN 0-8039-5335-6 (pb)
1. Indigenous peoples. 2. Acculturation. 3. Economic
development—Social aspects. I. Title. II. Series.
GN380.W55 1993
306'.08—dc20 93-26648
CIP
06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Sage Production Editor: Judith L. Hunter
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Fighting Back: Fourth World Peoples in the
World System 1
International Appeals and Responses: An Overview 2
Indigenous Activism and International Relations
Theory 6
Background: European Colonization and Contact
With Non-European Indigenous Peoples 8
Conquest by Consent? 14
National Resistance 15
International Activities 18
Implications 20
Conclusion 25
Chapter 2 Development Can Have Many Meanings:
Indigenous Peoples and the Discourse
of Modernization 30
Marginal Sites and Interpretive Paradigms in the
Study of International Relations 33
Indigenous Activism as a Marginal Site 35
The Changing Context of World Politics in the
Twentieth Century 40
The Normative Basis of Political Community and
the Evolution of the State in World Politics 42
Political Community as a Unit of Analysis 43
The Nation-State as a Political Community 45
The European Ethnic Core and the World System
as a Political Community 48
Modernization as a Worldview 52
Indigenous Activism Challenges the Ideology of
Modernization: The Struggle for Different
Meanings 54
Chapter 3 Colonization, Conquest, and the Moral
Boundaries of the Legal and Political Community 58
Does Might Make Rights? 60
The Right of Conquest Versus Human Rights:
The State and the Individual in Conflict 61
Law and the Moral Boundaries of the Political
Community 64
Period 1: The Moral Dilemma—Savage Peoples
and Civilized Nations 67
Period 2: Relocation 73
Period 3: Internment and Guardianship 77
Period 4: Americanizing the Indian 82
Period 5: Reform and Reparation 84
Period 6: Termination—Ending Federal
Responsibility for and Obligation to the Indians 86
Period 7: The Modern Era—Red Power, Activism,
and Fighting Back 87
Conclusion: From Exclusion to Inclusion in the
National (and International) Moral Community 91
Chapter 4 The Great Cause of Civilization 95
The Roots of European Conceptions of Moral
Superiority 98
Relocations and Reserves: Expropriating the Land
Base of Indigenous Nations 100
Forced Assimilation 108
Land Rights 112
The International Trust Relationship 118
Conclusion 121
Chapter 5 What Indigenous Peoples Want and
How They Are Getting It 127
Multinational Corporations and Development 128
Land Rights 131
Social Issues 133
Cultural Rights 134
Actors and Strategies: Anatomy of an International
Movement 135
Individual Actors 135
Collective Actors: Indigenous Organizations 136
Nonindigenous Organizations 140
Networking, the Media, and Educational
Activities 142
Protest and Direct Action 143
Political Participation 146
Alliances With Nonindigenous Groups 148
Litigation 149
International Appeals 151
Responses to International Indigenous Activism:
Toward an Era of Reparation 153
Chapter 6 From Conquest to Self-Determination:
The Decolonization of Fourth World Peoples 162
The Westphalian System 163
Norms and Community Building 165
Indigenous Peoples, Normative Conflict, and the
International System 166
The Role of International Norms 168
Changing Norms, the State, and Indigenous
Peoples: A World Society Narrative 170
The Fourth World in the World Community 177
The International Labor Organization 179
The World Bank 180
"The Study of the Problem of Discrimination
Against Indigenous Populations" 182
Draft Principles for the Protection of
Indigenous Peoples'Rights 184
Conclusion 187
Chapter 7 The Indigenous Voice in World Politics 192
The Narrative of Modernization as World History 194
Interpretive Paradigms, World Politics, and
International Movements 196
The Modern State and Human Needs 200
An Indigenous Deconstruction of the
Global Narrative 201
Indigenous Perspectives on the Normative
Foundation of the World Community 203
Appendix A Chronology of Events Related to International
Indigenous Activism 211
Appendix B International Documents Pertaining to the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples 215
Appendix C U.N. Working Definition of Indigenous Peoples 216
Appendix D Indigenous Peoples: Locations and Numbers 217
Appendix E Excerpt From the Draft "Universal
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples" by the U.N. Working Group on
Indigenous Populations 220
Appendix F Indigenous Peoples' and Nongovernmental
Organizations Participating in U.N. Working
Group Meetings 227
Appendix G The Earth Charter Preamble 230
References 231
Index 241
About the Author 249
This book is dedicated to my daughter, Kristin,
to her daughter, Jasmine,
and to the memory of Tatanka Yotanka,
or Sitting Bull,
who was killed December 15, 1890,
while resisting arrest. He said,
Let us put our minds together and see
what kind of a future we can make for our children.