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The Indigenous Languages of South America WOL 2 Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 The World of Linguistics Editor Hans Henrich Hock Volume 2 De Gruyter Mouton Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 The Indigenous Languages of South America A Comprehensive Guide Edited by Lyle Campbell Verońica Grondona De Gruyter Mouton Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3 e-ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TheindigenouslanguagesofSouthAmerica:acomprehensiveguide/ editedbyLyleCampbellandVerońicaGrondona. p.cm.!(Theworldoflinguistics;2) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-3-11-025513-3(alk.paper) 1. Indians of South America ! Languages. 2. Endangered languages. 3. Languageandculture. I.Campbell,Lyle. II.Gron- dona,VerońicaMar´ıa. PM5008.I53 2012 498!dc23 2011042070 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. ”2012WalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:Thinkstock/iStockphoto Typesetting:DörlemannSatzGmbH&Co.KG,Lemförde Printing:Hubert&Co.GmbH&Co.KG,Göttingen "Printedonacid-freepaper PrintedinGermany www.degruyter.com Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 List of contributors Willem F. H. Adelaar Verónica Grondona [email protected] [email protected], Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral Milly Crevels Tupian (with Rodrigues) [email protected] [email protected] Pieter Muysken Lyle Campbell [email protected] [email protected] Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues Adolfo Constenla Umaña [email protected] [email protected] Luciana R. Storto Didier Demolin [email protected] didier.demolin@gipsa-lab. grenoble-inp.fr Spike Gildea [email protected] Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 Preface Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona It was often repeated until recently that the languages of South America were among the least known of the world. The situation has changed dramatically – in the last 15 years or so, grammars and dictionaries of numerous previously poorly known languages have been produced and considerable progress has been made in the understanding of many aspects of South American indigenous languages. Significant advances have been achieved in understanding of their history and classification, of language contact and potential linguistic areas, of their structural characteristics and typological traits, and of unusual features found among South American languages that contribute to greater understanding of the full range of what is possible in human languages. Given the exceptional amounts of new information on nearly all aspects of these languages, now is an excellent time to bring these results together and to provide a survey of the current state of knowledge concerning South American Indian languages and to contribute to an assessment of where future research might best be aimed. The chapters of this volume attempt to provide that view. Not only do these chapters assess the state of knowledge in their areas, each chapter– written by foremost specialists in these areas– also provides much new information, assembled here for the first time. Initially the plan was that most of the chapters would be written by Latin American scholars who are specialists in the particular areas. However, for differ- ent and unconnected reasons, several of these authors had to withdraw and in these cases North American or European scholars stepped in to provide these sections. For example, when the original author for the chapter on the typology of South American indigenous languages was unable to prepare this chapter, it fell to Lyle Campbell, one of the editors of the volume, to do this. This explains why Campbell has more than one chapter in the volume, though that had not been the intention. The chapters cover principal topics in South American Indian linguistics. Willem Adelaar’s “Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian” languages provides context and the historical overview of what we know of these languages and of the research that has been done. The chapter “Classification of the indigenous languages of South America”, by Lyle Campbell, provides an extensive survey of South America’s remarkable linguistic diversity, with the most current information on the classification of South Ameri- ca’s 53 language families and 55 isolates, that is, 108 known families and isolates together, including assessment of proposals of more distant relationships and list- ing of named but mostly unknown other “languages”. Mily Crevels provides an exceptionally detailed and insightful assessment of South America’s endangered languages in “Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking”. Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 x Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona Pieter Muysken’s chapter, “Contacts between indigenous languages in South America”, describes aspects of language contact among the languages of South America, a vast and almost intractable topic made accessible in Muysken’s highly informative treatment. Structural and typological traits of South American languages are addressed in three chapters. Luciana Storto and Didier Demolin survey the extensive literature in their chapter “The phonetics and phonology of South American languages”. These languages have provided many new insights for phonetics and phonology. In “Typological characteristics of South American indigenous languages”, Lyle Campbell focuses on unique or unusual typological traits in South America which contribute to typology generally and on traits characteristic of particular areas of South America. Adelaar, in his chapter “Languages of the Middle Andes in areal- typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran”, examines typological traits among Andean languages. The extreme genetic and typological diversity encountered in South American languages makes the findings discussed here of particular value to linguistics generally. Given that South America has about one fourth of the language families (including isolates) of the world, it is obviously not possible to discuss each family in detail in this book. Instead, some of the most influential language families and areas were selected for specific treatment. Adolfo Constenla Umaña provides a definitive and authoritative treatment of the Chibchan languages, with a history of the research on languages of this family, phonological and grammatical reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan, subgrouping classification, proposals concerning external relationships, Proto-Chibchan homeland, lexical reconstruction and the culture of the speakers of Proto-Chibchan, and linguistic areas which involve Chibchan languages. Spike Gildea, in “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family”, gives a thor- ough survey and updating of the significant aspects of Cariban linguistics. The chapter covers classification and subgrouping of Cariban languages, survey of recent literature, possible broader connections, phonological features of the proto language and aspects of phonology in the modern languages, the issue of adjec- tives, and the complex verb alignment in these languages and their historical developments. Aryon Rodrigues and Ana Suelly Cabral provide a thoroughgoing review of the Tupían languages. They provide a definitive classification of the languages of this extensive family, and they discuss details of the phonological reconstruction and of the historical morphosyntactic properties of these languages, with a typological overview. They discuss lexical and semantic categories. Willem Adelaar’s chapter “Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective. Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran” explores the typology of Quechuan and Aymaran, and their environment from a historical and geographical perspective. Adelaar compares in detail the typological characteristics of the languages of the Middle Andes. The chapter provides an overview of the historical developments that are important for understanding the language situation in the Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07 Preface xi Middle Andes. Issues concerning genetic classification and linguistic diffusion are discussed, and Adelaar’s interpretation of Quechuan-Aymaran contact history is introduced. Like Adelaar, Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona in their chapter “Lan- guages of the Chaco and Southern Cone” survey traits of the languages of a large area of the southern end of South America. The chapter has two goals: to present an overview of languages of the Southern Cone, concentrating on their classification and on structural traits which characterize languages in the region, and to address the question of whether languages of the Gran Chaco constitute a linguistics area. It is hoped that the excitement from new discoveries and the clear urgency as- sociated with the many endangered languages reported in the chapters of this book will stimulate even greater efforts towards documentation of indigenous languages of South America. It is hoped the findings and facts reported in this book will find their way to a broad audience of linguists and other scholars, and that they will help to enrich understanding of language broadly and will make knowledge of South American languages more readily available and better known generally. Bereitgestellt von | Radboud University Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) Angemeldet | 172.16.1.226 Heruntergeladen am | 06.02.12 13:07