The Imperial College Lectures in Petroleum Engineering Volume 3: Topics in Reservoir Management PDF
Preview The Imperial College Lectures in Petroleum Engineering Volume 3: Topics in Reservoir Management
The Imperial College Lectures in PETROLEUM ENGINEERING Topics in Reservoir Management Volume 3 Q0082_9781786342843_TP.indd 1 11/8/17 11:33 AM b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk b2530_FM.indd 6 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM The Imperial College Lectures in PETROLEUM ENGINEERING Topics in Reservoir Management Volume 3 Deryck Bond Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait Samuel Krevor Imperial College London, UK Ann Muggeridge Imperial College London, UK David Waldren Petroleum Consulting and Training (PCT) Ltd, UK Robert Zimmerman Imperial College London, UK World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO Q0082_9781786342843_TP.indd 2 11/8/17 11:33 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd. 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Head office: 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Muggeridge, Ann. Title: Topics in reservoir management / by Ann Muggeridge (Imperial College London, UK), Sam Krevor (Imperial College London, UK), Robert Zimmerman (Imperial College London, UK), Deryck Bond (Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait), David Waldren (Petroleum Consulting and Training (PCT) Ltd, UK). Description: [Hackensack] New Jersey : World Scientific, 2017. | Series: The Imperial College lectures in petroleum engineering ; volume 3 | Based on lectures that have been given in the world-renowned Imperial College Masters Course in Petroleum Engineering. Identifiers: LCCN 2016055436 | ISBN 9781786342843 (hc : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Oil reservoir engineering. | Oil fields--Production methods. | Petroleum industry and trade--Management. Classification: LCC TN870.57 .M84 2017 | DDC 622/.3382--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055436 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Desk Editors: Dipasri Sardar/Mary Simpson/Shi Ying Koe/Jennifer Brough Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore Dipa - The Imperial College Lectures - V3.indd 1 26-07-17 3:51:51 PM August11,2017 10:20 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pagev Preface This book is the third volume of a set of lecture notes based on the Master of Science course in Petroleum Engineering that is taught within theDepartment of EarthScience andEngineeringat Imperial CollegeLondon.ThePetroleumEngineeringMScisaone-yearcourse thatcomprisesthreecomponents:(a)asetoflecturesonthedifferent topics that constitute the field of petroleum engineering, along with associatedhomeworkassignmentsandexaminations;(b)agroupfield project in which the class is broken up into groups of about six students, who then use data from an actual reservoir to develop the field from the initial appraisal based on seismic and geological data, all the way through to eventual abandonment; and (c) a 14-week individual project, in which each student investigates a specific problem and writes a small “thesis” in the format of an SPE paper. The Petroleum Engineering MSc course has been taught at Imperial College since 1976, and has trained over a thousand petroleum engineers. The course is essentially a “conversion course” that aims to take students who have an undergraduate degree in some area of engineering or physical science, but not necessarily any specific experience in petroleum engineering, and train them to the point at which they can enter the oil and gas industry as petroleum engineers. Although the incoming cohort has included students with undergraduate degrees in fields as varied as physics, mathematics, geology, and electrical engineering, the “typical” stu- dent on the course has an undergraduate degree in chemical or v August11,2017 10:20 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pagevi vi Topics in Reservoir Management mechanical engineering, and little if any prior exposure to petroleum engineering. Although some students do enter the course having had some experience in the oil industry, the course is intended to be self-contained, and prior knowledge of petroleum engineering or geology is not a prerequisite for any of the lecture modules. The complete set of lecture notes will eventually consist of about a half-dozen different volumes, covering topics such as petroleum geology, fluid flow in porous media, well test analysis, reservoir engineering, andcoreanalysis. Thepresentvolumecontains chapters on four topics that fall under the rubric of “reservoir management”: rock properties, enhanced oil recovery, reservoir simulation, and history matching. Each chapter has been written by a lecturer who is either an academic based at Imperial College, or a practitioner working in the oil industry, and who has taught these and other modules within the Imperial College MSc course for many years. Althoughthevolumesarelecturenotes,andconsequently donotaim to achieve encyclopaedic coverage, or to contain extensive reference lists, taken as a whole they contain the basic knowledge needed to prepare students to work as reservoir engineers in the oil and gas industry. Robert W. Zimmerman Imperial College London July 2017 August23,2017 14:34 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pagevii About the Authors Deryck Bond holds BSc and PhD degrees in Physics from Imperial CollegeLondon.Hehasworkedinresearch,reservoirengineeringand petroleumengineeringfunctionsforanumberofmajorandmid-sized oil companies and as an independent consultant. He has contributed to the Petroleum Engineering MSc program at Imperial College. He is currentlyaSeniorConsultantworkingontheGreater Burhanfield for Kuwait Oil Company. Samuel C. Krevor is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London. His research group investigates the physics and chemistry of processes of multiphase flow in engineered and natural geological systems. He received his BSc, MSc, and PhD in Environmental Engineering from Columbia University. AnnH.MuggeridgeholdstheChairinReservoirPhysicsandEOR in the Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering at Imperial College London.Her research interests are focussedon the numerical modellingandupscalingof reservoir flowswithaparticular emphasis on enhanced oil recovery processes (including miscible gas injection, low salinity waterflooding, polymer flooding, steam injection and Vapour Extraction (VAPEX)) and the impact of geological hetero- geneity on those processes. She is also interested in the mixing of reservoir fluids after reservoir filling but before production as an vii August11,2017 10:20 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pageviii viii Topics in Reservoir Management indicator ofreservoir compartmentalization. ShehasaBSc(Hons) in Physics from Imperial College and a DPhil in Atmospheric Physics from the University of Oxford. She worked for 5 years at BP and 4 years at SSI (UK) Ltd as a reservoir engineering and reservoir simulationspecialistbeforejoiningImperialCollege.Sheisamember of theEAGE andtheSPE,chairingtheorganizing committee forthe EAGE IOR Symposium 2017 and 2015 and sitting on the organizing committee fortheSPEReservoirSimulationSymposium2017. Sheis also anInterPoreCouncilmemberandsits ontheScientificAdvisory Committee for the National IOR Centre of Norway. David Waldren is director of Petroleum Consulting and Training LimitedandaVisitingProfessortotheCentreforPetroleumStudies, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London.Hehasbeenaconsultingreservoirengineerforover25years, previously having been with BNOC, Intercomp, and IPEC. He is recognised worldwide for his reservoir management and simulation advice. He has a PhD in particle physics from Liverpool University. Robert W. Zimmerman obtained a BS and MS in mechanical engineering from Columbia University, and a PhD in rock mechanics from the University of California at Berkeley. He has been a lecturer at UC Berkeley, a staff scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Head of the Division of Engineering Geology and Geophysics at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stock- holm. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, and serves on the Editorial Boards of Transport in Porous Mediaand theInternational Journal of Engi- neering Science. He is the author of the monograph Compressibility of Sandstones (Elsevier, 1991), and co-author, with JC Jaeger and NGW Cook, of Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics (4th edn., Wiley- Blackwell, 2007). He is currently Professor of Rock Mechanics at Imperial College, where he conducts research on rock mechanics and fracturedrockhydrology,withapplicationstopetroleumengineering, underground mining, carbon sequestration, and radioactive waste disposal. August11,2017 10:20 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pageix Contents Preface v About the Authors vii Chapter 1. Introduction to Rock Properties 1 Robert W. Zimmerman 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Porosity and Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 Definition of Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and “Representative Elementary Volume” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.3 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Permeability and Darcy’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.1 Darcy’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.2 Units of Permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.3 Relationship between Permeability and Pore Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.4 Permeability of Layered Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3.5 Permeability Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.4 Surface Tension, Wettability and Capillarity . . . . . . . 18 1.4.1 Surface Tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.4.2 Capillary Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.3 Contact Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ix August11,2017 10:20 TopicsinReservoirManagement-9inx6in b2764-fm pagex x Topics in Reservoir Management 1.4.4 Capillary Rise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.4.5 Oil–Water Transition Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.4.6 Leverett J-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.5 Two-Phase Flow and Relative Permeability . . . . . . . 32 1.5.1 Concept of Relative Permeability . . . . . . . . . 32 1.5.2 Irreducible Saturations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.6 Electrical Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.7 Fluid and Pore Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.7.1 Fluid Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.7.2 Pore Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 2. Introduction to Enhanced Recovery Processes for Conventional Oil Production 47 Samuel C. Krevor and Ann H. Muggeridge 2.1 Introduction: Definition, Techniques and the Global Role of EOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1.1 The Aims of this Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.1.2 Definitions and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.1.3 The Role of EOR in Current and Future Global Oil Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2 Enhancing the Recovery Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.1 The Recovery Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2.2 Limits on Microscopic Displacement Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.2.3 Limits on Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.3 Gas Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.3.1 Phase Equilibrium for Gas Drives . . . . . . . . . 68 2.3.2 Transport in Two-Phase Multi-Component Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
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