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The Impact of a Teracom Group Product From a Life Cycle PDF

45 Pages·2013·2.12 MB·English
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The Impact of a Teracom Group Product From a Life Cycle Perspective Jacob Södergren Master of Science Thesis Stockholm 2013 Jacob Södergren The Impact of a Teracom Group Product From a Life Cycle Perspective Supervisor: Anna Björklund, Environmental Strategies Research, KTH Sofiia Miliutenko, Environmental Strategies Research, KTH Stefan Nyberg, Teracom Group Examiner: Nils Brandt, Industrial Ecology, KTH Master of Science Thesis STOCKHOLM 2013 PRESENTED AT INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TRITA-IM 2013:01 Industrial Ecology, Royal Institute of Technology www.ima.kth.se Acknowledgements This thesis would have been difficult to conduct without the help and encouragement from many people along the course of the study. First of all, I would like to thank Teracom Group for making this master thesis possible, and in particular my supervisor Stefan Nyberg and the project team Maria Åstrand, Per Alksten and Cristina Klasson. By listening, giving valuable feedback and suggesting ideas and solutions, they have been a tremendous support. In addition, I would like to thank the group of very helpful co-workers at Teracom Group who in one way or another have helped me to obtain necessary knowledge and information. I would also like to thank Florian Tremblay at Sagemcom for providing crucial data. I am also very grateful to my supervisors at The Royal Institute of Technology, Anna Björklund and Sofiia Miliutenko, for their invaluable support, inspirational discussions and patience. A final thank you to my fellow students Gustav Bramberg, Anders Nilsson and Viktor Rasmanis for input and guidance during this study. Stockholm, January 2013 Jacob Södergren i Abstract All kinds of products have economic, social and environmental impact throughout their entire life cycle. Today’s growing need for electronic devices contributes to the increasing problem within these fields. The aim of this study is to investigate and determine the impact of a chosen Teracom Group product from a sustainability perspective and to develop recommendations regarding how to proceed, in order to reduce the impact of products. This study is mainly focusing on the environmental aspect of the concept of sustainability. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of a set-top box (STB) is conducted based on chosen indicators by using the software SimaPro. The goal of the assessment is to identify the phases within the life cycle with largest environmental impact and contribute to Teracom Group’s further sustainable work. 18 impact categories are included to express emissions and use of natural resources. The result clearly shows that the production phase has the largest environmental impact within categories such as terrestrial acidification, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, urban land occupation and metal resource depletion. The use phase affects the environment foremost within climate change, ozone depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, ionising radiation, agricultural land use, natural land transformation and water depletion. Transports and the waste scenario only have a small effect on certain categories. The experiences of this study are discussed, demonstrating the difficulty in making an LCA in the position of being at the company purchasing products, not at the company manufacturing them. The company has previously not focused enough on sustainability regarding products. An LCA performed by the supplier would be more reliable due to a better possibility of collecting accurate data. Communication and cooperation between the company and its suppliers are key solutions. Higher requirements during procurement should be put on the products, including demands on performed LCAs with clearly described references and methods, critically review by a third party. Key words: Sustainability, life cycle assessment, set-top box ii Sammanfattning Alla typer av produkter har under sin livscykel en inverkan på såväl ekonomi och samhälle, som på de ekologiska system som finns omkring oss. Dagens växande behov av teknik och elektroniska produkter leder till ökade problem såsom utsläpp av växthusgaser, utnyttjande av markområden och konsumtion av energi. En global förändring av TV-teknologi och en ökad efterfrågan på bild- och ljudkvalité i kombination med fler TV-kanaler, har lett till ett behov av digitalboxar världen över. Företaget Teracom Group sänder TV och radio via marknätet och erbjuder relaterade tjänster och konsumentprodukter. Målet med detta arbete är att undersöka och kartlägga en av Teracom Groups produkters påverkan ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv, för att utifrån denna skapa rekommendationer för hur företaget i framtiden kan minska sina produkters påverkan. Konceptet hållbarhet saknar en vedertagen definition men beskrivs ofta som “utveckling som möter dagens behov utan att äventyra framtida generationers förmåga att möta sina behov”. Denna studie fokuserar dock på att undersöka miljöaspekten av hållbarhetskonceptets tre perspektiv. Målet uppnås genom att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) av en specifik produkt, utifrån valda indikatorer, med hjälp av en datorbaserad mjukvara. Faserna i livscykeln med störst miljöpåverkan identifieras och ligger som grund för diskussion kring framtida hållbarhetsarbete gällande företagets produkter. LCA:n genomförs, enligt Teracom Groups rekommendation, på företagets mest prioriterade digitalbox ur försäljningssynpunkt. Målet med LCA:n är att titta på produktens totala miljöpåverkan för att kunna bidra till Teracom Groups fortsatta hållbarhetsarbete. Mjukvaran SimaPro som används för denna studie är framtagen av ett schweiziskt företag och inkluderar den omfattande databasen Ecoinvent. Med denna metod skapas en modell av livscykeln på ett objektivt och systematisk sätt. Denna LCA inkluderar 18 olika kategorier av miljöpåverkan som beskriver utsläpp och användning av naturresurser. Resultatet av LCA:n visar fördelningen av miljöpåverkan mellan de olika faserna i livscykeln. Produktionsfasen har störst miljöpåverkan inom kategorier som markförsurning, humantoxicitet, sötvatten- och havstoxicitet, urban markanvändning och utarmning av metallresurser. Användarfasen däremot har stor påverkan på miljön inom kategorier som klimatförändring, ozonuttunning, marktoxicitet, joniserande strålning, jordbruksmarksanvändning, förändring av naturlig mark och vattenutarmning. Transporter och avfallsscenariot påverkar emellertid minimalt. Denna studie indikerar att Teracom Group tidigare inte har fokuserat tillräckligt på hållbarhetsfrågor angående företagets produkter. Brister i detta projekt visar svårigheten i att genomföra en LCA på ett företag där tillverkning av produkter inte sker. Resultatet av denna studie bör enbart användas som indikation av produktens miljöpåverkan, men är dock ett bra första steg för hur produkter i framtiden ska hanteras inom Teracom Group. Högre krav bör ställas på leverantörer, där genomförd LCA, med tydligt beskriven metod inklusive referenser, samt granskad av extern part, ska ingå. Teracom Group har dessutom ett ansvar att sammanställa den nödvändiga information angående företagets egen verksamhet, som krävs för att en LCA ska kunna genomföras av leverantör. iii Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aim and objectives ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................................ 2 2 Theoretical background ............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 The concept of sustainability ................................................................................................ 3 2.1.1 Environmental system analysis tools ............................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Environmental product declaration ............................................................................... 3 2.1.3 Social life cycle assessment ........................................................................................... 4 2.2 Introduction of Teracom Group ............................................................................................ 5 2.3 Investigated supplier: Sagemcom ......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Chosen product for the life cycle assessment ...................................................................... 6 3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Literature study .................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Interviews ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 The process of a life cycle assessment ................................................................................. 8 3.4 SimaPro and Ecoinvent ......................................................................................................... 9 3.5 Impact categories ............................................................................................................... 10 3.6 Classification and characterisation ..................................................................................... 10 3.7 Normalisation ..................................................................................................................... 10 3.8 Life cycle interpretation ...................................................................................................... 11 4 Life cycle assessment of the chosen product ............................................................................ 12 4.1 Goal and scope ................................................................................................................... 12 4.1.1 Functional unit ............................................................................................................. 12 4.1.2 System boundaries ...................................................................................................... 12 4.1.3 Data quality .................................................................................................................. 13 4.1.4 Assumptions and limitations ....................................................................................... 14 4.2 Life cycle inventory analysis of the chosen product ........................................................... 14 4.2.1 Data collection ............................................................................................................. 14 4.2.2 Flowchart of the life cycle ............................................................................................ 16 4.3 Life cycle impact assessment of the chosen product ......................................................... 17 4.3.1 Impacts by characterisation ......................................................................................... 17 4.3.2 Impacts by normalisation ............................................................................................ 18 4.3.3 Climate change ............................................................................................................ 20 4.3.4 Freshwater eutrophication .......................................................................................... 21 4.3.5 Toxicity ......................................................................................................................... 22 iv 4.3.6 Metal depletion ........................................................................................................... 24 5 Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 25 5.1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Result of the life cycle assessment ..................................................................................... 26 5.3 Lack of the social perspective ............................................................................................. 27 5.4 Further recommendations .................................................................................................. 27 6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 29 References .................................................................................................................................... 30 Appendix I – Data regarding Sagemcom RTI90 320HD ..................................................................... i v Abbreviations CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CO2 eq Carbon dioxide equivalents GHG Greenhouse gas GWP Global warming potential IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO International Standard Organisation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIME Environmental Improvement Made Easy EPD Environmental Product Declaration ERA Ecological Risk Assessment ESAT Environmental System Analysis Tools EU European Union FE eq Iron equivalents GEDnet Global Type III Environmental Product Declarations Network LCA Life Cycle Assessment LCI Life Cycle Inventory LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment MFA Material Flow Analysis MMS Mediamätning i Skandinavien P eq Phosphorus equivalents ROHS Restriction of Hazardous Substances SLCA Social life cycle assessment STB Set-top box UN United Nations vi

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