The Image Processing Handbook

1032 Pages·2015·558.659 MB·English

by  John C. Russ, F. Brent Neal

SEVENTH EDITION
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
SEVENTH EDITION
JOHN C. RUSS (cid:127) F. BRENT NEAL
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150804
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4028-9 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
About this text .................................................xiii
A word of caution ............................................xv
A personal note ..............................................xvi
1 Acquiring Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Human reliance on images .................................1
Extracting information ........................................4
Video cameras ..................................................6
CCD cameras ...................................................8
CMOS detectors ..............................................12
Camera artifacts and limitations .........................13
Color cameras .................................................15
Camera resolution ............................................18
Electronics and bandwidth limitations .................20
Handling color data .........................................21
Color encoding ...............................................22
Other image sources .........................................24
Pixels .............................................................25
Tonal resolution ...............................................29
The image contents ..........................................30
Camera limitations ............................................31
Noise ............................................................33
High-d epth images ...........................................34
Focusing .........................................................35
Color displays .................................................36
Image types .....................................................37
v
Multiple images ..............................................40
Imaging requirements .......................................44
2 Printing and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Hard copies .....................................................47
Halftoning ......................................................49
Dots on paper ..................................................52
Color printing .................................................55
Adding black—CMYK ......................................58
Printing hardware ............................................62
Film recorders .................................................66
Presentation tools ..............................................67
File storage ......................................................67
Storage media ................................................69
Magnetic recording ..........................................70
Databases for images .......................................72
Searching by content ........................................76
Browsing and thumbnails ...................................79
File formats ......................................................81
Lossless coding ................................................82
Reduced color palettes .....................................86
JPEG compression ............................................87
Wavelet compression .......................................93
Fractal compression .........................................96
Digital movies .................................................98
3 Human Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
What we see and why ....................................101
Recognition ...................................................104
Technical specs ..............................................107
Seeing color ..................................................108
Acuity ...........................................................112
What the eye tells the brain .............................116
Spatial comparisons .......................................118
Local to global hierarchies ...............................124
Grouping ......................................................127
It’s about time ................................................130
The third dimension .........................................134
How versus what ............................................138
Seeing what isn’t there, and vice versa ..............140
Image compression .........................................142
A world of light ..............................................144
Size matters ...................................................148
Shape (whatever that means) ...........................152
Context .........................................................154
Arrangements must be made ............................156
Seeing is believing .........................................158
Learning more ................................................162
vi Contents
4 Correcting Imaging Defects . . . . . . .163
Color adjustments ...........................................164
Hue, saturation, intensity .................................166
Other spaces .................................................168
Color correction .............................................171
Noisy images ................................................174
Neighborhood averaging ................................178
Gaussian smoothing .......................................181
Neighborhood ranking....................................185
The color median ...........................................190
More median filters .........................................193
Weighted, conditional, and adaptive
neighborhoods .............................................196
Other neighborhood noise reduction methods ...204
Defect removal, maximum entropy, and
maximum likelihood .....................................208
Nonuniform illumination ..................................214
Fitting a background function ...........................217
Rank leveling .................................................222
Color images .................................................225
Nonplanar views ............................................227
Computer graphics .........................................228
Geometric distortion .......................................230
Alignment ......................................................234
Interpolation ..................................................236
Morphing ......................................................241
5 Image Enhancement in the Spatial
Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Purposes for enhancement ...............................243
Contrast expansion .........................................244
False color lookup tables (LUTs) ........................248
Contrast manipulation .....................................250
Histogram equalization ...................................253
Contrast in color images ..................................255
Local equalization ..........................................258
Laplacian sharpening ......................................261
The unsharp mask ...........................................269
Derivatives .....................................................272
Edges and gradients .......................................276
Edge orientation .............................................279
More edge detectors ......................................284
Rank- based methods ......................................290
Texture ..........................................................294
Implementation notes ......................................298
Image math ...................................................299
Subtracting images ........................................300
Multiplication and division ..............................303
Contents vii
Principal component analysis ..........................305
Principal component analysis for contrast
enhancement ...............................................310
Other image combinations ..............................313
Cross- correlation ............................................317
6 Processing Images in Frequency
Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
About frequency space ...................................321
The Fourier transform.......................................322
Fourier transforms of simple functions ................325
Moving to two dimensions ...............................327
Frequencies and spacings................................331
Preferred orientation .......................................333
Texture and fractals.........................................336
Removing selected frequencies .........................338
Periodic noise removal ....................................345
Selection of periodic information ......................349
Convolution ...................................................352
Deconvolution ................................................354
Noise and Wiener deconvolution .....................358
Other deconvolution methods ..........................362
Additional notes on deconvolution ....................365
Template matching and correlation ...................368
Autocorrelation ..............................................373
Wavelets .......................................................374
7 Segmentation and Thresholding . . . .381
Brightness thresholding ....................................381
Automatic settings ..........................................384
Multiband images ..........................................391
Color thresholding ..........................................395
Thresholding from texture ................................400
Multiple thresholding criteria ...........................402
Textural orientation ........................................403
Region boundaries ........................................406
Noise and overlaps .......................................408
Selecting smooth boundaries ...........................411
Conditional histograms ....................................413
Boundary lines ...............................................415
Contours .......................................................420
Cluster analysis ..............................................423
More segmentation methods ...........................430
Image representation ......................................434
8 Processing Binary Images . . . . . . . .439
Boolean operations ........................................439
Combining Boolean operations ........................442
viii Contents
Masks ...........................................................447
From pixels to features.................................... 449
Filling holes ..................................................450
Measurement grids .........................................452
Boolean logic with features ..............................454
Selecting features by location ..........................458
Double thresholding ........................................462
Erosion and dilation ........................................463
Opening and closing ......................................465
Isotropy .........................................................469
Measurements using erosion and dilation ..........470
Extension to grayscale images ..........................473
Neighborhood parameters ..............................474
Examples of use .............................................476
Euclidean distance map ..................................479
Watershed segmentation ................................482
Ultimate eroded points ...................................488
Skeletons ......................................................490
Topology .......................................................492
Boundary lines ...............................................497
Combining skeleton and Euclidean distance
map ...........................................................500
9 Image Measurements . . . . . . . . . . .505
Photogrammetry ............................................505
Comparisons..................................................511
Global measurements .....................................518
Volume .........................................................520
Surface area ..................................................525
Grain size .....................................................530
Multiple surfaces ............................................533
Length ...........................................................535
Thickness .......................................................538
Sampling strategies ........................................539
Determining number .......................................543
Curvature, connectivity, and the Disector ...........546
Anisotropy and gradients ................................551
Size distribution ..............................................554
Classical stereology (unfolding) ........................555
10 Feature Measurements . . . . . . . . . .559
Brightness measurements .................................559
Density ..........................................................561
Brightness profiles ...........................................563
Color values ..................................................566
Determining location .......................................568
Orientation ....................................................573
Neighbor relationships ....................................575
Contents ix