The illustrated network: how TCP-IP works in a modern network

829 Pages·2008·17.53 MB·English

by  Walter Goralski

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The Illustrated Network
How TCP/IP Works in a
Modern Network
Walter Goralski
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goralski, Walter.
The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network/Walter Goralski.
p. cm.—(The Morgan Kaufmann series in networking)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-12-374541-5 (alk. paper)
1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) 2. Computer networks. I. Title.
TK5105.585.G664 2008
004.6’2--dc22
2008046728
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Contents
Foreword ........................................................................................ xxi
Preface ............................................................................................ xxiii
About the Author ............................................................................ xxx
PART I Networking Basics
CHAPTER 1 Protocols and Layers ...................................................... 3
The Illustrated Network ....................................................... 7
Remote Access to Network Devices ................................ 8
File Transfer to a Router ................................................... 10
CLI and GUI ...................................................................... 11
Ethereal and Packet Capture ............................................ 12
First Explorations in Networking ..................................... 14
Protocols .............................................................................. 14
Standards and Organizations ............................................ 16
Request for Comment and the Internet Engineering
Task Force ...................................................................... 18
Internet Administration ....................................................... 21
Layers ................................................................................... 22
Simple Networking .......................................................... 23
Protocol Layers ................................................................. 24
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite ................................................... 25
The TCP/IP Layers ............................................................. 26
Protocols and Interfaces ................................................... 27
Encapsulation ................................................................... 28
The Layers of TCP/IP ............................................................ 30
The Physical Layer ............................................................ 30
The Data Link Layer .......................................................... 32
The Network Layer ........................................................... 35
The Transport Layer .......................................................... 38
The Application Layer ....................................................... 41
Session Support ................................................................ 41
Internal Representation Conversion ................................ 41
Applications in TCP/IP ...................................................... 42
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite ................................................... 43
Questions for Readers ......................................................... 45
viii Contents
CHAPTER 2 TCP/IP Protocols and Devices ...................................... 47
Protocol Stacks on the Illustrated Network ......................... 50
Layers, Protocols, Ports, and Sockets .................................... 51
The TCP/IP Protocol Stack ................................................... 54
The Client–Server Model ..................................................... 55
TCP/IP Layers and Client–Server ......................................... 55
The IP Layer ......................................................................... 57
The Transport Layer ............................................................. 58
Transmission Control Protocol ......................................... 58
User Datagram Protocol ................................................... 59
The Application Layer .......................................................... 59
Bridges, Routers, and Switches ............................................. 60
Segmenting LANs ............................................................. 61
Bridges ............................................................................. 63
Routers ............................................................................. 63
LAN Switches ................................................................... 64
Virtual LANs ...................................................................... 65
VLAN Frame Tagging ......................................................... 66
Questions for Readers .......................................................... 69
CHAPTER 3 Network Link Technologies ........................................... 71
Illustrated Network Connections ......................................... 74
Displaying Ethernet Traffi c ............................................... 74
Displaying SONET Links ................................................... 76
Displaying DSL Links ........................................................ 78
Displaying Wireless Links ................................................. 81
Frames and the Link Layer................................................ 83
The Data Link Layer ............................................................. 84
The Evolution of Ethernet .................................................... 86
Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 Frames ................................... 88
MAC Addresses ................................................................. 89
The Evolution of DSL ........................................................... 90
PPP and DSL ..................................................................... 91
PPP Framing for Packets ................................................... 92
DSL Encapsulation ............................................................ 93
Forms of DSL .................................................................... 94
The Evolution of SONET ...................................................... 96
A Note about Network Errors .......................................... 96
Packet over SONET/SDH .................................................. 97
Wireless LANS and IEEE 802.11............................................ 98
Wi-Fi .................................................................................. 98
Contents ix
IEEE 802.11 MAC Layer Protocol ..................................... 100
The IEEE 802.11 Frame ..................................................... 102
Questions for Readers .......................................................... 105
Part II Core Protocols
CHAPTER 4 IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing .............................................. 109
IP Addressing ........................................................................ 112
The Network/Host Boundary .............................................. 117
The IPV4 Address .................................................................. 118
Private IPv4 Addresses ...................................................... 122
Understanding IPv4 Addresses ......................................... 122
The IPv6 Address .................................................................. 123
Features of IPv6 Addressing ............................................. 124
IPv6 Address Types and Notation ..................................... 125
IPv6 Address Prefi xes ....................................................... 126
Subnetting and Supernetting ............................................... 127
Subnetting in IPv4 ............................................................ 127
Subnetting Basics ............................................................. 128
CIDR and VLSM ................................................................ 131
IPV6 Addressing Details ........................................................ 135
IP Address Assignment ...................................................... 138
Questions for Readers .......................................................... 141
CHAPTER 5 Address Resolution Protocol......................................... 143
ARP and LANs ...................................................................... 146
ARP Packets ......................................................................... 153
Example ARP Operation ....................................................... 155
ARP Variations ...................................................................... 157
Proxy ARP ......................................................................... 157
Reverse ARP ..................................................................... 158
ARPs on WANs .................................................................. 158
ARP and IPv6 ....................................................................... 159
Neighbor Discovery Protocol .......................................... 160
ND Address Resolution ..................................................... 161
Questions for Readers .......................................................... 163
CHAPTER 6 IPv4 and IPv6 Headers .................................................... 165
Packet Headers and Addresses ............................................. 168
The IPv4 Packet Header ....................................................... 170
Fragmentation and IPv4 ....................................................... 172
Fragmentation and MTU .................................................. 175