The ILI English Series: High Intermediate 1 کانون زبان ایران Iran Language Institute

102 Pages·14.247 MB·

Nouns Quantifiers
and
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
BEFORE YOU READ Look at the map. Where did each journeystart and end?
Look at the photoof the boat.When do you think these journeys took place?
Read this history text about a modem explorer.
WHOREALLY
DISCOVEREDAMERICA?
Was Columbus really the first
explorertodiscover theAmericas?
ThegreatNorwegianexplorerThor
Heyerdahl didn’t think so. He
believed that ancient people were
abletobuildboatsthatcouldcross
oceans.
Totest his ideas, Heyerdahldecid¬
edtobuildacopyof thereedboats
picturedinancientEgyptianpaint¬
group including a Norwegian, an
ings and sail across the Atlantic
Egyptian, an Italian, a Mexican,
from North Africa to Barbados.
anda Chadian.
Heyerdahl’s team also copied
ancient Middle Eastern pots and On May 25, 1969, Ra left Safi in
filled them with enough food for Morocco and headed across the
their Journey—dried fish, honey, widest part of theAtlantic. Ra fell
oil,someeggsandnuts,andalittle apart just before it reached
fresh fruit. Ra, the expedition’s Barbados, but everyone survived
boat, carried an international andwantedtotryagain.
On May17,1970, Ra II,
sailing under the flag
of the United Nations,
successfullycrossed the
Atlanticin57days.The
expedition proved that
ancientcivilizationshad
enough skill to reach
theAmericaslongbefore
Columbusdid.
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2 Nouns And Quantifiers
GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Nouns Quantifiers
and
COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS
Aancu/
Number Noun Vim Noun Verb
A
sailor is Oil necessary.
One
brave. is
(The)
sailors are Sailing dangerous.
Two
FIERS AND COUNT NOUNS QUANTIFIERS AND NON-COUNT NOUNS
Quantifier Noun Quantifier Noun
some some
enough enough
alotof alotof
1 saw 1used
afew sailors, alittle
oil.
several islands, agreatdealof
salt
many ships. much
honey.
any any
enough enough
1didn't see 1 didn'tuse
alotof alotof
many much
Unit 1
3
Notes Examples
1.Propernounsare the names of People Heyerdahl,Chadians
particular people, places, or things.
Places Bolivia, Egypt, the Atlantic
They are usually unique (thereisonly
Months September, October, Ramadan
one).To the right aresomecategories
andexamplesof proper nouns. Days Monday,Tuesday
Holidays Easter
Languages/ Arabic, Italian, Norwegian
Nationalities
Seasons spring,summer, fall, winter
Capitalize the first letterof most proper (cid:127) Theancient Egyptianscalled their
nouns.Wedo not usually use an article sun god Ra.
(a /an orthe)with a proper noun.
(cid:127) Theshipsailed in May.
(cid:127) I get two weeks offschoolat Easter.
Seasonsare usually not spelled with a
capital letter, and theyareoften preceded (cid:127) We arrived in thespring.
bythe.
XCommonnouns refer to people, places, People explorer, sailor, builder
and things, but not by their individual Place* continent, country,city
names. Forexample,explorer isa
Things pots, eggs, fish, honey
common noun, but Heyerdahl isa proper
noun.To the rightaresomecategories
and examplesof common nouns.
XCommon nounscan beeither count or (cid:127) a sailor, the sailor, twosailors
non-count.Count nouns (alsocalled (cid:127) an island, the island, three islands
countable nouns)are things that you can
(cid:127) a ship, the ship,four ships
count separately.Theycan besingularor
plural. Forexample, you can saya ship
orthree ships. You can usea / an orthe
beforecount nouns.
4 Nouns And Quantifiers
4.Non-count nouns(also called Abstractwords courage, education, time
uncountable or mass nouns) are things Activities exploring, sailing, farming
that you cannot count separately. For
Fieldsofstudy geography, history
example, in English you can saygold,
Foods com, chocolate, fish
but you cannot saya gold ortwogolds.
Non-count nouns usually have no plural Gases air, oxygen,steam
forms. We usually do not usea / an Liquids water, milk, gasoline
with non-count nouns.To the right Materials cotton, plastic,silk
aresome categoriesand examples of Naturalforces cold, electricity, weather
non-count nouns.
Particles dust,sand, sugar, salt
Some common non-count nounsdo not advice homework mail
fit into the abovecategories. You must equipment information money
memorize nounssuch as the ones to the
furniture jewelry news
right.
garbage luggage work
Be careful! When a non-count noun (cid:127) Reed is a good material for boats.
is thesubject of asentence, its verb It floats in the heaviest storm.
must be singular. Pronouns that refer to
non-count nouns must also besingular.
count non-count
5.You can use thequantifierssome, (cid:127) We have some eggs and some honey,
enough, a lot of, and any with both count non-count
count and non-count nouns. (cid:127) Are thereenoughpots and enoughoil?
count
(cid:127) There werea lot of good times,
noncount
(cid:127) There wasa lot of danger too.
count
Use any in negativesentencesand in (cid:127) We didn't seeany sharks,
questions. non-count
(cid:127) Is thereany tea left?
Unit 1
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6.You can usea few, several,and many (cid:127) A few team members got sick.
with plural count nouns in affirmative (cid:127) They experienced several large storms.
sentences.
(cid:127) Many people worried about them.
You can usea little,a great deal of, and (cid:127) They had a little trouble with the sail.
much with non-count nouns in (cid:127) They threw awaya great deal of food.
affirmativesentences.
(cid:127) Much planning went into this.
count
Usage Note: In affirmativesentences, Moreformal Many people agreed.
many is more formal than a lot of;
Lessformal: 4 [ot of people agreed.
much is very formal.
non-count
Vervformal: We saw much pollution.
Lessformal: We sawa lot of pollution.
Becareful! Don’t confusea few and (cid:127) They received a little news during
a little with few and little. Few and little their voyage.
usually mean "not enough." (not a lot, but enough)
(cid:127) They received little news during their
voyage.
(probably not enough news)
7. Use many with count nouns and much A: How many ships did theysee?
with non-count nouns in questionsand
B: They didn’t see many.
negativesentences.
A: How much water did they carry?
B: They didn’t carry much.
Usage Note:In questions and negative
sentencesmany and much areappropriate
for both formal and informal English.
6 I Nouns And Quantifiers
FOCoUSED PRACTICE
MAKING PLANS GrammarNotes 2-4
Megan and Jason are planning a hiking trip. Complete their conversationwith the
correct formof the words in parentheses.
Jason: There 5 still a lot of to do thisevening.We
1.(be) 2.(work)
have to plan the food for the trip.
Megan: I've been reading this book about camping.There somegood
J.(be)
about food in it.
4.(advice)
Jason: What does it say?
Megan: Weshould bringa lot of and .
5.(bean) 6.(rice)
Jason: good on camping trips, too.
7.(Potato) 8.(be)
Megan: Fresh too heavy tocarry. Maybe we can
9.(vegetable) 10.(be)
get some when we pass through a town.
Jason: the ready?Weshould goover thechecklist.
It(be) 12.(equipment)
Megan: I did that. We need some for the radio.
U.(battery)
Jason: Whydo we need a radio? I thought we were runningaway from civilization.
Megan: But the never . I still want to know
14.(newt) 15.(stop)
what’s happening.
Jason: That’s OK with me. By the way, do we have enough warm ?
16.(clothing)
It getschilly in the mountains.
Megan: That’s true. And the
_
really
17.(cold)
me
18.(bother)
at night.
Jason: But we have warm
sleeping
19.(bag)
Unit 1
7
™©l
HAPPY CAMPERS Grammar Notes 5-7
Complete these excerpts from a book about family camping. For each paragraph, use the
quantifiers in parentheses.
1. (alittle/ a few)
Try toget little exercisebeforealongcampingtrip.It willhelpyoufeel
a.
better onthetrip, good stretchingexercises every day willhelp,
b.
walkingor swimmingisalsouseful,
c
2. (many / a great dealof)
You willneed informationfor a longtrip.Your public libraryhas
a
books aboutfamilycamping.TheNationalPark Service canalso
b
provide advice,
c.
3. (aI some) (much/many)
Makingafireis skill,butit’s easy tolearn.You won’tneed
a.
practicebeforeyou canbuildaroaringcampfire.Start with
b.
_ paper andleaves.Place the woodontop ofthese,andleave
c.
spaces for air.Don’tuse bigpiecesof wood.
4. (any / enough) (How much/How many)
“There isnk milk left!Who useditall?”
a. b
times have youheard thiscry?To avoidthisproblem,plan your foodin advance.
sandwiches are yougoingtomake? bread
c. d
willyou need?Are youplanningto have popcornandpancakes? Do youhave
butter for these treats and your morningtoast?
e.
eggs willyouneed?Make sure youhave food
andbeverages before youleave.
(continued on next page)
Nouns And Quantifiers
8
5. (fewI a few) (littleI alittle)
On our family’s firstcampingtrip,wehad equipmentandalmost
a.
no experience,but westillhadalotof fun.It was ablastWe swam,wehiked,and we
made new friends.Of course,we had problems,butnotmany.
Anyway, inconvenience didn’tinterfere withour fun.
Today millions ofpeople enjoy camping.Infact campsitesare
d.
availableinthe summer without a reservation.
^^EDITING
Read Tina'sdiaryentries.Thereare fourteen mistakes in the useof nouns andverband pronoun
agreement. Find and correct them.The first twomistakes are alreadycorrected.
October 27.I’vebeenonthe-canary Islands for threedays now. I’ll start
weather is
homewhentheweathers are better. I was so surprised when I picked
upmy mails today. My family sent some birthday presentsto me.
My Birthday is theBist.I won't openanygifts until then.
October29.1think theweather isgetting worse. I heard thunders
today,but therewasn’t many rain.Typhoonand I stayed in bed.
I started readinga novel,brave NewWorld.
October 30.1left theCanary Islands today—just likecolumbus.There's
a strong windand plentyof sunshine now. I went250 miles.
October 31.I’m21today.Tocelebrate,Idrank littlecoffeefor breakfast
and I opened my presents.I got someperfumeand somepretty
silver jewelries.
November 1.Theelectricitiesarevery low.I’d better savethemuntil
I get near NewYork.I’ll need theradiothen.It rained today,
soI collected a fewwaters for cooking.
Unit I
9
COMMUNICATION PRACTICE
LISTENING
Megan and Jasonare planning to makecookies fortheir trip. Listen to them talk about
the recipe.Thenlisten again and check the ingredients that they have enough of.Listen a third
timeand makea shoppinglist of ingredients that they need tobuy.
Ingredients ShoppingList
2cups of butter 1cupof cornflakes
butter
Scupsof brown sugar 0eggs
2cupsof oatmeal 1cupof raisins
(uncooked) 2cups of
4cups of flour chocolate chips
DESERT ISLAND
Work witha group.Imaginethat youareabouttobeshipwreckednearadesertedtropical island.
You have room in yourlifeboat forall the membersof yourgroup plus five of the things onthe
list that follows.Decide what totake,and give yourreasons.Compare yourchoices with other
groups'choices.
sugar fishing equipment telescope
flour portableTV set compass
pasta radio mapsof the area
beans batteries a book. Navigating by theStars
chocolate ax a book,Tropical PlantsYou Can Eat
fresh water cooking pot fireworks
Example:
I think weshould take a lot of beans.We might not find any foodon the island.