The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism PDF
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The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism This page intentionally left blank The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism WOODRUFF D. SMITH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1986 by Oxford University Press, Inc. First published in 1986 by Oxford University Press, Inc., 200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1989 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Smith, Woodruff D. The ideological origins of Nazi imperialism. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Germany—Foreign relations—1971-1918. 2. Imperialism. 3. National socialism. 4. Germany— Foreign relations—20th century. I. Title. DD221.5.S758 1986 943.08 85-10555 ISBN 0-19-503690-5 ISBN 0-19-504741-9 (PBK) 2 4 68 10 9 7 5 31 Printed in the United States of America Acknowledgments This book is the result of a convergence of several different directions in research that I have taken during the past fifteen years—research into German colonial history, Wilhelmian politics, the nature of ideology, and the history of social science. My obligations are therefore broadly distributed. I should particularly like to thank the following individuals for their advice and assistance: Ralph A. Austen, John Booth, William Cohen, Lewis H. Gann, Robert Hess, Sharon King, Wm. Roger Louis, Rodler F. Morris, David J. Schneider, Claudio Segre, and my wife, Jane H. Smith. I should also like to thank Dr. Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann for his helpful comments in a review of my earlier book, The German Colonial Empire, and for permission to use his microfilms of German Colonial Office documents maintained at the Hoover Institution; Dr. Gerald Kleinfeld, editor of the German Studies Review, for permission to include portions of two articles originally published in that journal; the National Endowment for the Humanities, which supported part of the research for this book (especially Chapter Seven) with a fellowship and a summer stipend; the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), for further support (again for Chapter Seven); the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton and its director, Professor Lawrence Stone, for a fruitful semester during the writing of part of this book; the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, and its dean, Dr. Dwight F. Henderson, for assistance with the cost of preparing the manuscript; the staffs of the Bundesarchiv in Kob- lenz, the National Archives and the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., the Hoover Institution, and the Frobenius Institute of Frankfurt University; and the staffs of the libraries of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the University of Texas at Austin, Frankfurt University, Prince- ton University, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary. I should also like to thank Mr. Andrew Yockers, who edited the manuscript. vi Acknowledgments Typing the various manuscript versions of the book was the work of many different people, to all of whom I am grateful. San Antonio W.D.S. March 1985 Contents ONE Introduction, 3 Continuity and Ideology in the Historiography of German Imperialism, 3 Imperialism and the Autonomy of Politics, 11 Ideology in Modern Political Systems, 13 Structure, 14 Functions, 16 TWO The Origins of the German Imperialist Ideologies, 21 Migrationist Colonialism, 21 Economic Imperialism, 30 The Colonial Movement of the 1870s and 1880s, 32 THREE Wilhelmian Politics: The Role of Ideology in a Fragmented Society, 41 Perceptions of Change, 41 Wilhelmian Politics and Political Fragmentation, 44 The Search for a New Politics, 49 FOUR Weltpolitik, 52 The Weltpolitiker, 53 The Structure of Weltpolitik, 64 Social Imperialism and Liberal Imperialism, 81 FIVE Lebensraum, 83 The Elements of Lebensraum, 83 Lebensraum and the Pan-German League, 94 viii Contents SIX Imperialist Ideologies in Conflict, 1890-1914, 112 Colonial Development Policy, 113 Mittelafrika and the Second Moroccan Crisis, 129 SEVEN Legitimation and Integration in Wilhelmian Imperialism, 1890-1914, 141 The Legitimation of German Imperialism, 141 Attempts at Integration in Imperialist Ideology, 152 EIGHT The First World War, 166 Weltpolitik and War Aims, 168 Lebensraum at War, 174 Weltpolitik and Reform, 185 The Triumph of Lebensraum in 1917-18, 187 NINE Imperialist Ideology in the Weimar Republic, 196 Continuities in Weltpolitik, 196 Continuity and Change in Lebensraum Ideology, 203 Colonialism and the Colonial Movement, 213 Geopolitics, 218 Hans Grimm and the Popularization of Lebensraum, 224 TEN Nazi Imperialism, 231 Nazi Ideology, 232 The Imperialist Aspect of Nazi Ideology, 238 Conclusion, 255 Notes, 259 Bibliography, 309 Index, 327 The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism
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