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“This pioneering volume is the first collection of empirical, mostly comparative, studies of populism at the elite and mass level, which is truly grounded in the increasingly dominant ideational approach. It should be required reading for both the few old and the many new scholars of populism.” Cas Mudde, Stanley Wade Shelton UGAF Professor, University of Georgia, USA “This volume is sure to be a landmark in the comparative study of populism. It brings together a team of scholars who share an ideational approach to the study of populism, and it demonstrates how this approach lends itself to a wide range of methodological tools – both quantitative and qualitative – to empirically analyze populist ideas in elite political discourse and mass beliefs. In so doing, it brings much-needed analytical coherence to a field of study where scholars too often disagree on fundamental concepts and speak past one another.” Kenneth M. Roberts, Richard J. Schwartz Professor, Cornell University, USA “The Ideational Approach to Populism is a timely and compelling book that takes seriously the ideology and appeals of populist movements. Its rigorous and compelling analyses of populism range from Latin American party manifestoes, to episodes of historical populist mobilization in Europe, to experimental evidence regarding the role of corruption as a catalyst for populist support. The result is a rich and multi-faceted volume that is a must- read for scholars of populism – and for others intrigued by the phenomenon.” Anna Grzymala-Busse, Michelle and Kevin Douglass Professor, Political Science, Stanford, USA The Ideational Approach to Populism Populism is on the rise in Europe and the Americas. Scholars increasingly understand populist forces in terms of their ideas or discourse, one that envisions a cosmic strug- gle between the will of the common people and a conspiring elite. In this volume, we advance populism scholarship by proposing a causal theory and methodological guidelines – a research program – based on this ideational approach. This program argues that populism exists as a set of widespread attitudes among ordinary citizens, and that these attitudes lie dormant until activated by weak democratic governance and policy failure. It offers methodological guidelines for scholars seeking to measure populist ideas and test their effects. And, to ground the program empirically, it tests this theory at multiple levels of analysis using original data on populist discourse across European and US party systems; case studies of populist forces in Europe, Latin America, and the US; survey data from Europe and Latin America; and experiments in Chile, the US, and the UK. The result is a truly systematic, comparative approach that helps answer questions about the causes and effects of populism. Kirk A. Hawkins, Brigham Young University, USA. Ryan E. Carlin, Georgia State University, USA. Levente Littvay, Central European University, Hungary. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile. Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy Series Editors: Roger Eatwell, University of Bath, and Matthew Goodwin, University of Kent. Founding Series Editors: Roger Eatwell, University of Bath, and Cas Mudde, University of Antwerp-UFSIA. www.routledge.com/politics/series/ED This new series encompasses academic studies within the broad fields of ‘extremism’ and ‘democracy’. These topics have traditionally been considered largely in isolation by aca- demics. A key focus of the series, therefore, is the (inter-)relation between extremism and democracy. Works will seek to answer questions such as to what extent ‘extremist’ groups pose a major threat to democratic parties, or how democracy can respond to extremism without undermining its own democratic credentials. The books encompass two strands: Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy includes books with an introductory and broad focus which are aimed at students and teachers. These books will be available in hardback and paperback. Titles include: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe Into the Mainstream? Edited by Tjitske Akkerman, Sarah L. de Lange and Matthijs Rooduijn The Populist Radical Reader A Reader Edited by Cas Mudde The Far Right in America Cas Mudde Routledge Research in Extremism and Democracy offers a forum for innovative new research intended for a more specialist readership. These books will be in hardback only. Titles include: 42. The Ideational Approach to Populism Concept, Theory and Analysis Edited by Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan E. Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser 43. Fascism, Populism and American Democracy Leonard Weinberg 44. Militant Democracy The Limits of Democratic Tolerance Bastiaan R. Rijpkema The Ideational Approach to Populism Concept, Theory, and Analysis Edited by Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan E. Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business  2019 selection and editorial matter, Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan E. Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Kirk A. Hawkins, Ryan E. Carlin, Levente Littvay, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-71651-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-71653-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-19692-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK To those who strive for democracy and resist polarization Contents List of figures xi List of tables xiv Contributor biographies xvii Preface xxii Introduction: the ideational approach 1 KIRK A. HAWKINS AND CRISTÓBAL ROVIRA KALTWASSER PART I Measuring populist ideas 25 1 Textual analysis: big data approaches 27 KIRK A. HAWKINS AND BRUNO CASTANHO SILVA 2 Textual analysis: the UK party system 49 LUKE MARCH 3 Textual analysis: an inclusive approach in Croatia 67 MARIJANA GRBEŠA AND BERTO ŠALAJ 4 Expert surveys 90 NINA WIESEHOMEIER 5 Elite surveys 112 IOANNIS ANDREADIS AND SASKIA P. RUTH-LOVELL 6 Public opinion surveys: evaluating existing measures 128 STEVEN M. VAN HAUWAERT, CHRISTIAN H. SCHIMPF, AND FLAVIO AZEVEDO 7 Public opinion surveys: a new scale 150 BRUNO CASTANHO SILVA, IOANNIS ANDREADIS, EVA ANDUIZA, NEBOJŠA BLANUŠA, YAZMIN MORLET CORTI, GISELA DELFINO, GUILLEM RICO, SASKIA P. RUTH-LOVELL, BRAM SPRUYT, MARCO STEENBERGEN, AND LEVENTE LITTVAY