The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin

303 Pages·1979·4.097 MB·English

by  Alan Ryan

THEI DEA OF FREEDOM
BOOKSB Y ISAIABHE RLIN
KarMla rx
TheA geo fE nlightenment
Four yEsso snLa ibrety
Vcioa ndH erder
SELECTEWDR ITINGS
EditbeydH enrHya rdy
RussTihani nrkse
ConcepatnsdC aetgori:e s
PhliosophEiscsaaly s
Aganistth Ceu rrent:
Essaiynts h Hei syt oofrI edas
PersoInmparle osnssi
forthcoming
THE IDEA OF FREEDOM
EssaiynHs o nouorfI saiBaehr lin
Edtiedb yA lanR yan
1 .• •·I ' � -� ,\
\.,.,.' '. • .i. . '
OxofrdN ewY orTko ronMteol bourne
OXFORDU NIEVRSITPYRE SS
1799
Oxford UniPvreersWssa,il ttySo tnr eOextf,o orxd26 DP
OXFORD LONDON GLASGOW
NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
KUALAL UMPUR SINGAPOREJ AKARTAH ONG KONG TOKYO
DELHI BOMBAY CALCUTTAM ADRAS KARACHI
NAIROBID AR ESS ALAAM CAPET OWN
Thicso llect©i Ooxfno rdU niversiPtrye ss1 979
Individcuoanlt ribut©i otnhse icro ntribu1to9r79s
Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hisp ublicamtaiyoben
reproducsetdo,re di na retrievsayls teomr,t ransmititnea dn,y
formo rb ya nym eanse,l ectromneicch,a nicpahlo,t ocopying,
recordionrgo ,t herwiswei,t hotuhte p riopre rismsiono f
OxfordU niversPirteyss
British LCiabtraalryo ignPu uibnlgi cDaaltai on
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123 JC585 74-40534
ISB0-N1 9-215859-7
PrintineG dr eaBtr itbayi n
Bill&i Snogn Lsi mited,
Guildford, LWoonrdcoens taenrd
Contents
Introduction
AalnR yan
CaptialiFsrme,e daonmtd h Per loetta ria 9
G.A .C ohen
Freedaosam nA esthIeedtai c 27
PatrGiacrkd iner
·
FreaundFd r eedom 41
Ona F oxi nH edge'hsColg othing
PetGeary
FreedaonmEd x pltainoan 61
orS eeiDnogu ble
StuHaarmtp hsire
BetweUetni lainRtdiy g hts 77
H.L .A.H art
·
Politaincdi aFtnrhsee em d tooC hoose 99
TheC asoef J ul1y9 14
James Joi/
'H eoreosft heir Time? 151
Foramn dI edai nB iichnrse'D anotnsD' eaatnhd
Lermovn'tHsoe roofo uTri me
RobiMni lenr-Gui/and
PersEimapni arneGd r eFereke dom 193
ArnaldMoo migliano
TwoL bierTarla ditions 135
LarrSyi etdoepn
vi Contents
�
What'Wsr onwgi tNhe giavtLebi erty 157
CharTlayelso r
'eVnies,tpe a orc csaiodnel, al b ierte' 159
FrancVoe tnuri
•
OughatnsCd ans 211
MortWohni te
ConlficotfV sal ues 221
BernaWridll iams
Roussea'uPse ercftibLibileiratnna irsima 233
RoberWto k/er
JohSnta urMti lalnId a siaBhe rlin 253
TheE ndosf L iefa ndt hPer eliminaries
ofM orality
RcihaWrodl lheim
A BilbiogroafIp ashiyaB he rlin 271
HenrHyar dy
Notoensc onbturtiors 289
Idnex 291
ParticUitae chin
ALAN RYAN
Inrtoudction
Convendtiticaotnte hsat thi etn roducttoai c oonl leocfte isosna ys
sucahst his sbhedo euvlodtt oead de scriapntadis osne ssomfte hnet
achieveomfte hnpete sr swohons weo riksb eing tcee.dCl eowbarra­
dic-ea sw elals a morea vowabsleen soefw hait sp rac­
tica-bplreo mpmteos t hweirsIes .ac yow aridcbee,c atuhsee stan­
darwdhsi Icashi aBhe rhliinm shealssfe t afnoyro neu nwdheor takes
sucahn e nteer aprrdeia suntihnigg.lH hyi sa bilittocy a ttchhe
allegiaanndtc heeesm otitoonnaoelft haeu thhoerh sa wsr itten
abouta,sw ellh iaasbs i ltiomt eyet th ceo mmetnrot'afsri sdtu ttyo
thseu btslo eftt iheeir thhaosau lgwhatmy,es a ntth atth epierr ­
sonalaintdii deesaa lsi hkaevr ee maiintneadca tn da li.Bv uetth ese
araeb tiileeiass t.pi eard mitrheat nod escrainbedea ,sr ti oed escribe
thatnoa qcuiornet ;h oicscs aioantl ea,rs etticencaes n icseereemrs
foromffl atttehrayin m peecritfm ittiaon.
Even thec obmomlednetmsaittg ohhrett s ai,th eowvee.Fr oIras iah
Bernl'ciso ntritbouo tuiro enil lnetlcitvuhaealsbs e enno tafboliret s
greraitc h,nv easrsiaentdcy o loiunrd;e, t eotd alokfi ats s impal y
contritbou tioiounerntl lecltiuviaesals l retaodd ye scriit bteio no
palalf iahdsi oann tdo s eeumn grualft oetrfh e esrh epletahsahutir se
worhka gsi vePna.ro tfh iasc hvieemehnats btehweean y i nw hich
heh asfr imliyg notrhefredi gipdiloynu ost itohnai tn tellectual
respelcitmtaeyba inads r dye tachfmreontmth w eo rlhdie;ss saoyns
mena nd ideas heanvgea tgahehldeew aaaryswts e lalst hhee a.Td o
trtyow riatbeo tuhtde r y boofnh eivssiw eso nt hoirst hastuj bcet
withcoauptt urisnpgiw rhtiihthce ah bs r eatlheiie fndt toh ewmo uld
bea f ollya nda ni jnsuti. ce
Thes coopfeIa siaBhe r'lswi onrhka s bweiednhe e;h agso nhei s
wayw ithtvo eurmyu crhe gatrocd o nvoennatalic adebmoiudcna r.i es
Tot alikl luamtiinnglyh iwasob rotkuh,te ree,wfo orulbdet htea sk
foarb ookn,o atn e.sO snaewy oulhda vteob egwiint hhiw so rikn
phislpoohyw,h erteot akoen ei nasntcoen lhyew asi flnueinatiln
undreminilnogg ipcoasli t'isvs itsamndaisna g p hilosophical
ortdhoxoy sbhyo wihnogwt hpeh enomletins'oasl ddfi ifciuelistn
accnotuifnogtr h eex iscteoe ftn hmea tewroirall d uwnerrees oilnv ed
2 Introduction
their mfoordmte or.oOn n ew oueldq uahlalvtyeos eatb oeuxtp lain­
inwgh yh iwso riknt hhei stoofir dye maast rtsse om uch- why,
foerx apmlieit,ss u cha cahni evteohm aenvrtee scVuiecfdor otmh e
obscuriwthyci hhi enh tado f laleantl, e afsotar l moaslEtln glish
redae.rF sotrh iinsso jtsu atm attoefbr r ingVg iicnboa ctkol eia fsa
figwuhroew abs otahs tratnogu esar n yde cto ncewrinteihds siune s
hsitcoaralin dc ultsutriuaedlws h ichs taiurlneelr s odl;vi eti sa lso
parotfB elrni'rsu nning argumaednvctoa twoeif'st shc tiiitecfhn e
hisyt,'ow ritthhs oew ho thitnhkge o taohlfha sitt oricailts o s tudies
prodsuocme etahkiintngoa n atruaslc niceoef h iosrt.y
Thes amnee etdo s hotwh uen iotfyh iwso raks a ni tnellectual
histoarnidaa sna phislpoohrea riswietshh i sst udoifeR su ssian
thkienrssu ch as ,BH eerlzieonnrTs oklys.tA onydt hwiosu lbdea
compaltietcdsa ks,i npcaer otf t hme oraolfs ucehs saays's A
RemarkDaebclaeld ieie'nts h erierm inodfte hrdef i ferebnectewse en
RussainaWdne stwearynos ff eelianngtd hinkwihnipgla,er l tii ens
thebirrii nnghgo mteo u st haes pirtaota iu onnio tfyt houagnhdt
emotiwohcnih w as mcmoont on umerRooumsa nticsa,n d East
WesTto.m akper opero fst ehrnees seo ensao nftc hesei ewssot uuldd
alsboea s ocioleongtiecraoplfsr oimsaeew kwardintea sc isls;i che
thaitnt h1e59 0Bse lrni'rse adersh awvloeouo kledfd o trh ceo ntrast
betwetehnae s piraotfi orHnzes,es naya,n dt haec hieveomfe nts
LenainnSd t laibnu,at tt heen odf t h1e69 0sw,h eanl arpgaero tft he
Westewrornl wda se xeprienac rieenblgl oifotn h yeo ugn agianst
almoasnty itnhag nde vyetrhitnhgac to ulbdea ttrtietbdo u' hte
sysmt',eB elrine'sysss ao n tyhoeu utlhR fussiinatne lliogfae ntsia
hunrdeadn dt wenyteyae rasr lwieeera rsf reasseh v eArn.d haI ve
alwatyohsu g,hw tituhtbo egia nblteoe xpltahifena ctth,aE tn glish
moraplh ilosaonpdph oylc iattlih eowreyr ieni vgorabtyte hde se
essaiynist n ellehcitsutaaolnr sdyt ,ui lmatteotd h ouagbhotmu otr al
andp oliicptallu ra,il nia ws amyt hatth ewyo ulndoh ta vbee ebny
driecatr gumentI tias als oi nefexa .m ploefus n inehdig briatppling
witthhp er ersesosufa d esfiorri etn elleocrtduaeanrlud n tiyo nt he
onsei danepd e rcepotfti hcoehn a oofst hweo rolnd tohtehw eerr e
whawta sn eededu ntdoe rBpeirnnl' imso reo bvio'uhspillyo ­
sophicals'u caehss s'aCTyownsoc epotfLs i rbteoyr'' DoePsol itical
TheoSrtyiE lxtli'? s
Tog eatn ywrhewe itthh wiosu ladl rebaeda cy o nesriadbtslaek .
Buittw oulsdc arbceeml oyr teh aan ufndoatifoonmr u cmho re
besidTeos b.e s u,r Beelrisn s'tudoifeM so sesH essC,h aim
WeizmaannndL ewiNsam iearr ed iisntguissthueddoi fev se ry
remarkambe.ln eB utt heayr ea lssout dieisnt hes rtange
AalnR yan 3
phenomeonfJo enw iessh-sn 'satnrg'et,h aitst os ayi,nt hsee nse
thaatr unntihnegmo eft ehe ssayM osoenHs e sisjs su tt hwea yi n
whicHhes s'Jse wiesshdsne fitehrdea tioannaalilistys ostw hihche
spuposiemtdu syti e.Tl hdew holeje csotuf nb ationala nidd entity
natniaoclh aractseirpm,l iynn io tmtso deZrino nsihsatpi eso,,f
courasneo,tr ph eermanceonntco efrB nei rnlw'osr akn,d wohniec h
reflehcitwssi lglnientsosc rotshsce o nevntioancaald ebmoiucn ­
daire.As nyownheo i ssy mpathetthdieo cc ttr-oi wnhiec Bhe rlin
cal'lesx psriemvsi'as ndc laiamsso neo fH erd'esmr aiinn ­
sigh-ttsh actu letseu xrprtehse'sis irpr oirt' 'hc aracitnae ltrlh' e ir
acvtiitiisseu srt,eo w anttoa cocunftow rh aitit st hatthl eei rtature,
thpeh ilostohpaehr aytn, td h meu soifca ne poacnhad s ociuenittye
toe xpr.Te osm sentoinolena ismtp licatthiiaosnn,cy o omfp rehen­
siavcceo uonftB ernl'wiso rwko ulhda vteoi nclhuicdsoe n cweirtnh
muisca,n tdh niosmt e reilnty h Weh os'W hos enosfoe b serving that
heh afosr m anyye abresea nd ireroc ftt hoReo yOaple rHaou seb,u t
int hsee nosfse h owhionwga ni nteirnte hspeth isloopohyfh istory
and pthhiel osoofnp ahtnyia oliislmli unmattheweso rokft hapta s­
siaotnnea tailoinVsedtri I.ti sh,o wevaep rr,e tsttfyif qrueeimrent.
thawtes houdload s m ucjhsu titcoeD onC arlaosts oK arMla r.x
•
II
Thed emanwdhsi cdha untthc eo mmentaartaeo l trit dlaeu nting
evetnoa ne doir.tT ot rtyoc ovaelrol fI asiaBhel ri'nisn teriens ts
onveo luwmoeu hladv ree lstduie ns ometwhhiinIcgi h m gainweo uld
havbee eunn iqaumeo nFge shtrsticef-n av olupmhey sitcoaol ly
laragned hteoaofv oyir t cso ntritbouo tffeotrroi ss t s ujbcetM.o re
managbelawye,h avseeo tu rsetlhvteea sso kfo ffreignI asiaBhe rlin
somteoh ughotnis s sruaeisbs yeh diF sou rE ssaoynLs bi eyr.t1
AltohugIhh avdee clitnome ede tth oeb glatiiotnos mumarise
IasiaBhe irnla'csh ieveimnae f netwts e rpsaer aapghr,s hIa ve no
doubtth atthw ei despread oafsh sinosac miweai tttihho enfs ouer
essaiysas p ropreergc noitoifoa nc enttrhaelmi enh iwsor kO.f
courassaeg ,l anactte hc eo nteonftt hsvi osl usmuegs gt,e's rfeoemd'
ihsa rdtlhnyea moefa s inegnltei etvyei,nft h eirnseo o thsenirg le
word wbheitccthae prt ures wwahntatott a lawkbe o iuntd fiferent
conxtteOsf.t ewnh aBte lrihna bse ecno ncetronae rdgf uorei nt he
particcauselema err mgoessct l eabrycl oyn twriatsht hweih casot n ­
cernteoad r gaugena si.tS of,o erxa mplaer,g umeangitansss cti en-
(Lond1o%9n)T,.h iwso rikrs e fetrosrb uesdue eqnitnfloo ynt ottehosru ghout
1
thbiosoa ksF . EL..
Introduction
4
tiifch itso,r yapnadr ticaugaliandrselttym e irnitshteiocor fhi seitso ry
whicclha tihmat thh ei osrtipcraolc iegsso sv erbnyle adww sh idcihc ­
tatweh amtu sitnv eitatbalkpyel acbee,ao rnt wo sooffr rtese dom
rathtehra n Tohnehe i.s to'rscio anncewirtnfh r eediospm a rtal y
concweirtnth hs eh eeri ndetneacryom fi ptrheo coefhs iss twoirtyh,
ano peenn-dednoents hspe a rotfh umahni stwohriycc ho ntrasts
witthhc el osedr eapnedtc ihtairvaoecf mt eecrh iacn,ad letmeirntiisc
sysmtses,o t hautnl emsesn a rfeo rciendts oo mseni glaen udn oirfm
courosfbe e hiaovutrh,ew riebl eln os ingplree,d icptaatbttleober e n
dsicer.nI enod thweorr ds, firnte hesede onoms fne o n-ienrteenrcfe
yielidnsd etnearcimyni h isrtyBo.u tt hhei tsor'isac noncewrint h
freedioasml saco o necrfno r the morailnt hdweir mietonifsn igo n
hsitoirnyc ontrawsitt h mtehreet leyc hanlqi uecstiwohniscw he
would arbaoimusatec heisSn.u ccaensdfsa l iurael omnaet taebro ut
thweo rkionfag p si eocfem acheir.nyA s' HitsoriIcenavlib tiality'
arg,ui etfsh feut urwee rcel osientd h e iwenavyi taabcicloiusntt s of
hitsorsypu posiett ob ea,n di fh umabne havwiaosmu err etlhye
behavoifocu orml pemxa chintehsei,nti sh artdos eweh arto om
thecroeu bledf owrr igth iinosrtaysw e ndoowl, a ivshgpi rnaainsde
blamoenh sitoraicctaoolrn os t htehra mne retleync ihlcg arou.n ds
Therceou ldh,o werv,be eq uitfeef rdecinotm binaotfib oenlssi ef
aboiuntd etaecriymn hi intsorayn da botuhtae p palbiilciotfm yo ral
andq uamsoir-ajldu gementtohs u mabne hvaiouOrn.em ighhto ld
thaitn divbiedhuaavlwi aomsue rr ely mechanbiucwtai ltlhy caused
somrea ndominnet shse twhaveya ricoauuss oepse ra,at nedsd o
belibeovteih nt hoep ennoefts hse futtuhrseee nosifeni tusn ­
prediicltisatobly o,na gs mweenr e noti nfoturonco ierfdm iatnyd,
int heel iminoafbm iolriatly it nte hrdeme ssi cprtainoednxp lanation
ofi ndiuvaildsb'e haviTohuerv .a rioeftc yo ntraatsi tsss ue,
theremfaokreei,sti mposstiodb ol ew itshoomugete nelraab,le l
whimlaek iinwtg o rtwhh itlose a syo metahbionwught ta t hat label
adhetroei snp articcaueslsFa.our rE ssayosnL irbteiycs e rntlaayi
booke sosfa oynls i bebrutttyh r,ee i s snion tghlietn hga' itlb erty'
refteor.s
Ifteh rieas t heraodn w hiwcehm ight thhaiens gsw uietswh h ich
FourE ssyasa,n ,dt ehreef,to hrviosl ume, arei itcts oo nb cee rned,
foundi nt hceo nnecbteitownce heon, id cieverasnihdt ayp pi(naess s
distinccto nftmreeonnmt.tT )haitst ,hb eu dreonf ' wToC oncepotfs
Liebr'ti yst htat hiemp ortaonfnc eeg atliivbee- rtthype r es­erva
tioonfa na rewai thwihni cahni ndivmiadyud aoal s h ec hooses
withionuttee rrefn-clei iensl arpgaeri tnt hfea ctth agto aclosn ­
filcnto,mt e reliynt hsee ntshea otn em an'asi misn teerrwefi th