Mohammed Hashas’s book points to ways to break away from such a clash of essentialized and inverted perceptions of Islam and Muslims by focusing on the original thinking of European Muslim thinkers who are providing new theologi- cal responses to address the specifics of European Muslims, therefore taking a much needed distance from Middle Eastern and/or salafi religious discourses. His work discusses the specificity of European Islamic thinking and emphasizes the importance of considering it as seriously as we consider thinkers in the Middle East or Asia. Jocelyne Cesari, Georgetown University and University of Birmingham In this meticulous and frequently brilliant study of the ideas, practices and prece- dents of European Islam, Mohammed Hashas illuminates and engages intellec- tual landscapes at the intersection of geography, theology, philosophy and politics. This book deserves a wide readership. After the dust settles, and it always does, The Idea of European Islam will remain on bookshelves and syllabi for years to come. Jonathan Laurence, Professor of Political Science, Boston College In a serious effort to capture the contours and details of European Islam, Moham- med Hashas provides an engaging account of several Muslim thinkers in Europe. He provides a theory to discuss the content of Muslim moral philosophy, theo- logy and politics in conversation with leading thinkers based in Europe and those outside the continent in a search for solutions. Provocative as well as engaging. Anyone interested in one of the most important questions regarding the future of Europe in an age of migration and technological acceleration will find this to be an important book. Ebrahim Moosa, Professor of Islamic Studies, University of Notre Dame, USA The Idea of European Islam Suspicions about the integration of Islam into European cultures have been steadily on the rise, and dramatically so since 9/11. One reason lies in the visibil- ity of anti-W estern Islamic discourses of salafi origin, which have monopolized the debate on the “true” Islam, not only among Muslims but also in the eyes of the general population across Europe; these discourses combined with Islamo- phobic discourses reinforce the so- called incompatibility between the West and Islam. This book breaks away from this clash between Islam and the West, by arguing that European Islam is possible. It analyzes the contribution that Euro- pean Islam has made to the formation of an innovative Islamic theology that is deeply ethicist and modern, and it clarifies how this constructed European Islamic theology is able to contribute to the various debates that are related to secular- liberal democracies of Western Europe. Part I introduces four major pro- jects that defend the idea of European Islam from different disciplines and per- spectives: politics, political theology, jurisprudence and philosophy. Part II uses the frameworks from three major philosophers and scholars to approach the idea of European Islam in the context of secular- liberal societies: British scholar George Hourani, Moroccan philosopher Taha Abderrahmane and the Ameri can philosopher John Rawls. The book shows that the ongoing efforts of European Muslim thinkers to revisit the concept of citizenship and political community can be seen as a new kind of political theology, in opposition to radical forms of Islamic thinking in some Muslim-m ajority countries. Opening a new path for examining Islamic thought “in and of ” Europe, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic Studies, Islam in the West and Political Theology. Mohammed Hashas is a Research Fellow at LUISS Guido Carli University of Rome, Italy. Routledge Islamic Studies Series This broad ranging series includes books on Islamic issues from all parts of the globe and is not simply confined to the Middle East. 22 The Teaching and Study of Islam in Western Universities William Shepherd, Toni Tidswell, Paul Trebilco and Paul Morris 23 Muslim Active Citizenship in the West Mario Peucker and Shahram Akbarzadeh 24 Refashioning Secularism in France and Turkey The Case of the Headscarf Ban Amélie Barras 25 Islam, Context, Pluralism and Democracy Classical and Modern Interpretations Yaser Ellethy 26 Young Muslim Change- Makers Grassroots Charities Rethinking Modern Societies William Barylo 27 Da‘wa and Other Religions Indian Muslims and the Modern Resurgence of Global Islamic Activism Matthew J. Kuiper 28 A Genealogy of Islamic Feminism Pattern and Change in Indonesia Etin Anwar 29 The Idea of European Islam Religion, Ethics, Politics and Perpetual Modernity Mohammed Hashas For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ middleeaststudies/series/SE0516 The Idea of European Islam Religion, Ethics, Politics and Perpetual Modernity Mohammed Hashas First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Mohammed Hashas The right of Mohammed Hashas to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-i n-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Hashas, Mohammed, author. Title: The idea of European Islam : religion, ethics, politics and perpetual modernity / Mohammed Hashas. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, [2018] | Series: Routledge Islamic studies series ; v. 29 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018014843| ISBN 9781138093843 (hbk) | ISBN 9781315106397 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Islam–Europe. | Muslims–Europe. | Islam and politics–Europe. Classification: LCC BP65.A1 H37 2018 | DDC 297.094–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018014843 ISBN: 978-1-138-09384-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-10639-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear To my parents for their love and life of generous giving Contents Foreword xi JOCELYNE CESARI Notes on transliterations and style xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction: from Islam in Europe to European Islam 1 PART I Voices of European Islam 37 1 Bassam Tibi: cultural modernity for religious reform and Euro- Islam 39 2 Tariq Ramadan: from adaptive to transformative reform and European Islam 74 3 Tareq Oubrou: geotheology and the minoritization of Islam 117 4 Abdennour Bidar: self Islam, Islamic existentialism, and overcoming religion 140 PART II European Islamic thought and the formation of perpetual modernity paradigm 163 5 Ontological revolution and epistemological shift in European Islamic thought 165