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THE IDEAO F COMMUNISM VOLUME 2 THE IDEAO F COMMUNISM VOLUME 2 EDITEBDY SLAVOJZ IZEK VERSO Lond•o Nne wY ork Firsptu blisbheyVd e rs2o0 13 ©thec ollecVteirosn2o 0 13 ©individcuoanlt ributtihoecn osn tribu2t0o1r3s Allr ighrtess erved Them orarli ghotfst hea uthohra veb eena sserted 13579108642 Verso UK:6 MeardS treeLto,n doWnl F OEG US:2 0J ayS treeStu,i t1e0 10B,r ooklyNnY, 1 1201 www.versobooks.com Versiost hei mprionftN ew LefBto oks ISBN-1937:8 -1-84467-(9P8B0K-)5 ISBN-139:7 8-1-84467-(9H8B1K-)2 BritiLsihb raCtayt aloguiinPn ugb licaDtaitoan A catalorgeuceo rfdo trh ibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heB t·itLiisbhr ary LibraotfyCo ngresCsa taloging-in-PDuabtlai cation A catalroegc orfdo trh ibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heL ibraoryf C ongress TypesientC ochibny H ewerT exUt K LtdE,d inburgh Printiendt heU S byM apleV ail Contents Introduction Saf1jZ1 iozek Vll 1 ThCeo mmunIiedasa tn tdh Qeu estoifToe rnr or AaLniB adiou 1 2 CommunaisCs omm mitmIemnatg,i naantPdio olni,t ics EteinnBea fibar 13 3 Ont hCeh risQtuieasnt ion BruBnoo. 1teeu 37 4 CAo mmonEitshti cs SundBa ac-kMol'dd 57 5 CommunDiessti re JodDi ean 77 6 FroSmc ienStoicfiiatclo i sSmo Scciiaelnicset: NatuiradtLeikTkh eann Ndo w AdrinaJ olm.1ton 130 7 RemembetrhIiemn pgo ssFoirbM leaet :a -Critical AnamnoefCs oimsm unism FarnRka da 173 8 CommunTiodsyam EmmanTuererLa y 196 9 AnswWeirtsh Qouuets tions Sfaj1Z 1ioiek 177 NotoensC ontributors 207 Idnex 209 Introduction In2 01w1e w itne(sasnpedad r ticiaps aetroeifede m saic nni)p aetvoernyt s whiscuhr preivsenerdeyi ,on clutdhieanicrgt oforrmst :hA er aSbp ritnog thOec cyuW palSlt rmeoevte mfernottm,h e Grreeveoktl htUe K tr oi ots. Nowa,y ealra, te evredrya byr innegewsv idoefhno cwfer ialgaeni dn con sisttheaniwtsa kewnaisni,gtm sa nfyca edtiss ypilntaghs ea msei gonfs exhausttheieno tnh:u osfit ahAserm a Sbp riinmsgi riencd o mpromises anrde lifgnuidoaumse ntOaWlShi aslsmo ;ms otm enttosu umc ahne xtent thaitann, i ccaeos tfeh 'ec unonfrie nags tohpneo' l,i ce ocfZl uecatctnoi- up Parakno dt hseirt esO cocfyu p ptrhoetc easntnbsuo tt aapspb elaae rs sing ind isgcuoivseeur,pi t nhgie m manleonostfms o mentAunmdt. hs ea me story conttihnweuo erstl hdMae:ar ooiusnNtdes p saielne t mob eo utma noeuvbryte hdre e actifroocneaVsryen; e zuse' lBlaoi'vaerxipaenr'i ment appetaobr ers e egsrsiinnatgc o a udilploop-urlauinnssd moo , n . Whaatr e wdeoi nst uoc h tTihmfeei srt?sh tit nodg e motnrsaitse thtahtse u bterwroarnokefd a inst siasfaiccsto inotni rnaugiiaesn c gc:u mutliaanngad n ewwa voefr evowliftlloslwl .oS o iistp oirmttaosn ett three cord sltorcaaitgehe tvt,ehi netnttsho stee o taolfgi ltyo cbaapli tal ism, mwehainscshhw o inhgo w yt rheeltaoit tecs e ntarnatolan gism. Thper esbeonoetkdn eavotuocr osn trtiosb uucat'h ec ognmiatpipvien g' (FreJdarmiec)s o ofon ur eclotnlisaoItnt. bringtsh ietne otrgveetnher tioonf's oC mmuniAs Nme:wB eginnaci nonefgr'e,n- chteid ri nt he seraitfeesLr,on doinn2 00a9n Bde riln2i n01 0-dedictaott heiedd ea ofc ommunainshdme ladtt hCeo opUeniro innN ewY orko n1 -416 Octo2b0e11r. SLvajoZ iiek TheC ommunIidseatan t dh Qeu estoifoTne rror AlaBiand iou Inth nei netceeennytt,tuh hrc eo mmuInediaws atls intkove ido lienn ce fuord ifrfeewnaty s. Firosfat li lwt,e nt ihnha anndwd i tthhf enu dameinstsoaufrle e volu tioRne.v oluwtaisco ocnne ivoef-d s intcheFe r enRcehvl outiaotn , lea-satst hvei olaecwntht re eboyn seo cgiraoluo pn,cea l ss, over throtwhsde o mniatioann ootgfhr eoruo prc laAslsrl.e vonlauyrt io imayg wearsa,n tdo grae eaxtt esntltiils f,co usoendt hlee gitimate violbeynm ceeao nfsw hitchhpe e opilnae r msse itzhseee atpsow eorf. Thweo r'dc omnmius't mhuism pltihweeod r 'der voluitnti hosene 'n se ofa ni deolaongpdio claillt eigciatli omfia ntrsiruoenc otrip oeno sp le' wara,n tdh eefroorfce o elcltviivoel deinrceeac ttt heeedx ploaintde rs thepiorla incmdei tlayiar pparatuses. Secotnhdce,o mmuIndieasaltw s eon hta nidnh anwdi tthhr ee pres siodne pyleodb y tnheewp opuploawre arga intshtae t temaptt s conuterl-urteliveoobdnyt hfero merru lcilnags Tsheeasst.et ewmeprtes basedw hoarnte maionfte hde sotlaadtp ep arMaatruhxsi .m stehlufs consitdheaart ter da nspietriwioaonnsdae lc eysd suarrwinhgit chhne e w popaurwl,o rkingp-ocwlewaros uslr de adlelys yt ervoyetrhitnhga t remaionfte hadep paratthucasoten ss ttihtseut taoetftde h e oppressors. He called t(hdiisc tpaoetftro hirpeosr dho iltpeh tHeae cr oinacte'oi.fv ed iats s hao pretr iod, boufat ni c noduurbysvi eit,oa lboelnanets,i nidcated byt hweo r'dd aitcohtrispT'h.ut sh,we o r'dc ommu'an liissmomp ltiheed legitiomfda etsitornvu icotlipevenerc pee tbryt ahtneee dpw o w.e r Thitrhdce,o mmuIndiweseatn hta nidnh anidnt, h ciass e alo ovnegr peroifot di mwei,td hife fretynpteo sfv iolleinnctkeote hdre a ditcraaln s fromatnioootftn h e stbautotesf o ncoiawse,w ty ha o Tlhece.o ltlievcization ofl antdh dieon m aoiafng riccuelntturriaenl;di ruzisdeatedlev lopment; the fromatoifaon ne mwi lyia tpaprartahtseut sr;ua gggalien sto rbeslcuigious rantainsdm ;ct rheea otfni eowcn u ltaunradar lt ifrsomt-sii cn tst,hh oer whotlrea nstioat c ioeolcnlt 'inveeww o rclrde'a ptoewdue lrcf onflaitc ts 2 ALABIAND IOU evelrye vAeg lr.ed aetoa flv iol-eintnch feeo romfc onsterxaeirnottnes d am asssc ale,re esomfbtlreiennca gil wv airlps a,r tilyci unl catorhuen try si-dhea tdob ea ccep'tCoemdm.u nwiasosmft 'et nhn ea moefs omething frot hceo nstroufwc htiitcohhvni i so lweanuscn veao idable. Fouratnhld,a o sfat l all,l c otnhtfleasi n cudn certaabiontuthtbie ie rst h ofa ne netlinyre swo ciweityt hporuetc eidne tnhoytiwr serfero malaisz ed th'es trbuegtgwlteewe wona y so fle i-'fthwea yo fle io fft hper oletariat antdh weay o fle io fft hbeo urgeoorti hsceio em,m uwnaiyos fte al nidf thcea pitwaaylo iflse itT.f h isst rudgogulbetc luaetcs rseo vsessry e ctor ofs oectyi,b uitat l sroa gweidt htihcneo mmnuipsatr ttiheesm selves. Thewraets humsu cshe ttolfsi cnogr es wnietwfhro imnos f pt ohw.ee r Thew or'dc ommutnehirsemf'io mrpel viieodl leninkcetedo a s table, unitgerdo suh po'lodnp ow,ea rntdh utshc eh rolniiqcu ikdnaotwianos n , purgoefrs e,oa rli magiandevder saries. Icta tnh eorrebefe s aidt htweho ar'tdc m omunihsamfs'uo rd ifrefent meagnsir nelatveido ltreoen vcoel:u vtiioolnleakinryecn tdeo , ttahkei ng opfo wedria;ct tovriioallle ninkcetedot, h dee strouftc htreie omnn aonft s thoel rde gitmrea;n sfovrimoaltleiinvencedtke ot, h meo rel eofsros r ced birotfnh e swo criealla tiaonnpdso hliipvtsii;oc lalenlink cetedoc, o lnifcts wihtitnh pea ratyp paraanttduh sset ate. Int hree hasilt ooryfr evolutthineoie nntse eiannntt dhw ne ticeetnht u rietsh,ef suoerf iguorfve iso laernoecfc e o urcsoeme ptylei lnterwoven, overlaapnpadil nmgoi,sni tds tingfuorimso hnaaenb olte-h seorm ething thahtab se etnh cea sfoerm t hFer enRcehv oluotnCi.oo nnds e,irf ro examtphlgeer, yi e spliskondoewa nst h'eS eptMeamsbserasrec 'A m.o b, lebdyr adisclaalusg,hh taoelftrf he Peda rpirsi psoopnu laItnas i eonns.e , thtiesr riefypiinswgoa dlsei a knee p isioandb el oyoc diwvairHl.o we,v er sient chpee opwlheow ermea ssawcerrepedr isotnherere sv,o lutionary regitmhere,e volusttiaowtnaeats,ryo b lamFeu.r therimnoo rrdteeo,r prevtehnet's sep onttarnaeigoniuccsi 'df oremnh tasp peangianign , the regiimtes elf woruelsndps oiatybs fisoalurnimu en preceidtneenntseidf i catoifro enp repsosliaivncejde u daimlce iasuArnedts h.ia tnte nsification would abbrotyiupntig c ganelui,ny ep lolivtiioclaselun cachest , he ex ecu tioonfH ebearntdD antaonnd,t heriers pepcatritvTiehe usts.h, e SepteMmabsesra wcerrneesod ouabv ti olreenatcd toimoaintn ebydt he faero tfr eason, wbauistn vtohlebv oesttdthh a eitcinear u asnecdso nse quenIcctea stn.h eorrebefe stahiaidtn , c tahsdieist,c a tovriioalle nce and bloyom dobv iolenictnee rwweorbveuet tnh t,ah tre e volaurrtyei goinme, revoluptoiloinatatirytc esmt,poh t aevtdeh l ea wsotr d. THCEO MMUTN IISDEAT HAQENU DE STOIFTO ENRO RR 3 Ont hoet hhearn d,r etvhoel utsitaovtnieao'ryls m eanyac tef irbset selecdtoimvienb,ay t eidn ctoelrninfwcaitlts th hirene igpnairntagin eds fatcioannstd,h eltnae tru rn uninctoon tmraosvlsil oeldTe hnicset .hie s imprewsesg iefotorn m t hhei stooftry hg er eSatta lTiernritoshrtt a oto k plabceet we13e96na nd13 99I.nt hfero mo fp ubslhiwco t ritahliss, Terrosrt agtehsdee ttolfsi cnogr es Sbteatslwg ierneo'nau npwd e ll knowBno lshleevaidske urcashs Z inioevKv,a meevnB,u khaarnidn manoyt heBruistet. v enytb ueaclaolmnege i gapnutritgche r,o utghheo ut couyn,it nrvolhvuinrndegdo sft housoafpn edospw lheow ereex ecuted orw hod ieidnt hcea mpTsh.iu sn precepduernwgtoeeu dul ldt aityme l caroryfm fo sotft howshewo e rree spofnrosi i-tbiplnae r tiYcezuohlva,r thhee aodft hree preaspspiavreIa ntt hucisas.st ehc,ee ntsrtaawlto eu ld appetaohr a vlea unacr heepdr epsrsoicoveftes hsfeuo rttyhp e( political violleinnctkeoec dol nifcwtist htihcnee ntarpaplas r)aw,th uidcehv el opeidn atw oh olesale gtehneaentrd uaeplrd e psuermsgbaelv iacngigev il war-tyepxet ermination. Thdei stimnucstntie ovne rtbheme alienstsba eitnweeode ntn h,oe n e hansdp,o ntaneous mobw avasik oitlnoae cnotcfsce l,av sewsnh giech ancteob, r ustyabmlo olfst hnee wb alaonfpc oew ienrc isviolc, ia entyd, ont he hotnahdse,tr av tieo lence,a ndddei lsricabuteoserslgeyad n biyz ed thlee adoeftr hse rneegwiw mhei,ac fehfc tbeodtt hhb eo ydp olitic and sociaesatyw holIet. sbheon uoltdme odr,e ,ot vheharotw ebvaerrb aric thfero memray havbee einth, a asl ywsab eetnh lea twtheircf ohrm, RobesptioSe trarhleai ssne ,r avseav d e yre fefctairvgeu mteodn its credit relvuotions. Sol eutsc a'lTlertrhomarot'm einnrte voluptrioocneawsryhs etenhs e newr egitmaekp eosl aincjdedu icmieaals utrheaastr e excienp tional teromfs btohtevhii ro laenntdch ee sicro Apned.l eutsf caeu pt o the flolowpirnogb lIestm h:e ar nee cesrsealrya tiionrn esahhlii psy,t, o r betwteheceno mmnuiIsdtea naTd er ror? Asw ew elklno twh,ii assn i mporitsasnountwe h,i acnht i-communist propagdaenpdeaan ldmsoe sntty i.Ir nie tluss ucaoln antoittohnce,a te goryo f' totiaalniitdsaemrs'i gTnerartoeprsr, e cyi,a sste hlien evitable outcoomfre e voluwthioosnes e mspatrn iinfciiscp olmem un.Ti hsem undleiyrng arigtsuh mtaehtnce to nstroufac net giaolni tariisa ns os ociety unntauraeln taenr sporc iosnett,ro aa rylt lhh eu maann ismi anlns'cttis, thaadtv anicnti hndagit r eciitsmi poons wsiitbhlaoepu pta lvliionlge nce. Ultiym,ta htpeeh loisloyp uhnderptihnpinrsio npga ggaonebdsaa ct ko AritsltAeor.i stmoatdlaee d istinbcettwieovenin o laenndnt a tural 4 ALN"lfAADlIOU movemenntast uLrieb.e prraoglpan adeax tetnhdidssi stitnoc tion m econopmoilcisat,ni hdci ssy,t.W o irtrhe gatrohd u masnoi cetyim,ta kae s distibnecttwineotaenun r aanlvd i olmeonvte meTnhteps r.i vaaptper o pratiioofnr esouarncwdee sa lctohm,p etaintudil otanit,mec layp italism are connstaiudrpeahrlee ndn o,amt ehaed patabrlees,ip lrioednuotcf t s indivnitaduurCaeole.l c ltaitcvieot nha,ebo liotfpi rointv epa rorptyea,n d the rcuocntsoitfaoc ne ntreacloimnzyaoe rdve i ewaespd u ryie dlegoilo caplr oceasbsstecrsta,i tohntacs a onn yl be impoonps eeodp le by the mosetx trveimoel Aenndct eht.va iolietnscceealo nfny le xibsetuc saae stahtsaeb eeensb tlaisthhteia dsi tsseolmfe hdoiws tfiornmtc hte real natuorfse o ci-aentya bsolyus teerplaasttea wthei,cc ahon n ylb em ain taibnyeT der r,oi rnfa tc. Wem usgti vace l rer aesptonos taerh mgiuesn Wte.k notwht ta here arfeuo rm eaonrfse fuitwtii ntrghee fretnotc hece o mmuIndieasnattd h e imporotfat nhpceoe l ilpt rioccaetshtssa eusb scriEbiet ththesoerc oipte. anvdi oloefrn ecper etshsveiey ore nx,i stoefTne rcr,eoc rabned enioerd , its exciasbntea e cncceeip pnt reidn cainbpdol teih,ts s c oapnend e cessity cabne a kcnowleOdrgT eedr.rc onabr e r egaradse dh aevxiinsogtny el d owintgoc ircumstthtaah nvacene osw d isappaenaadrs en dol, o nger haviannog r gacnoincn ewcittithohc neo mmuIndiesOatr. f, i lnyaw,le cnar egatrhedex istoefTn ercreoa rsa s igonfa d eviaatp ircoatni,c al err,oo fcr ommunpoilsitat nicdco sn,s tihdtaie tcr o uhladv bee eon,r, moret htpeoo iJnhtod,bu efa,vo idIends h.o eritt,Th ererroi ars n i nven tioofnc apitparlogipasant;do ari itts h per itchema tu sbtep aifdot rh e triumphI do;eof ari wttah jsesu tibfiyea sd o rrte ovofnl ryau pterimoa tur,i tybinusot l onrgeelre ovraih ntsat ;nn eoc escsoanryn ewcittiho nt he · polilpt rioccaoefts hsce o mmuIndi,ese ati tihnpe rri ncoirop wlietn og circumstances. Thedsifeef rerneutft atoiflo inbslpe rroapnadgaaar aels lu ptpeobdry compealgrluimnegn ts. Duritnhegen tpierreiw ohdet nh Seo cisattlaeiassn,ttd h UeS SiRn partairwc,eu rliene xisttehnec etf,wi oor fts hte tshee ocroirneofsn ted eacoht hIenrt .h ceo untorfti heAest lantica ntAil-lcioamnmcuen,i st progpadanam adeg rteu asoefw h taw ask nowanb oruetp reSstsailvien ist methoTdhsip.sr ogpaanedqatu eaSdo vpioewt·ie rnt h1e39 0wsi tthh e MoscTorwai lwsh,i scehr veldi qttuoei dBtaohles hoelgvdui akrI dn. the 1590si,ftco usaettde ntointo hnee x istoefcn ocnetc reantcimaopnsi n SibeTrhiceao .m mupnairsttfi rote hse,p irartc ,o mpyld eetneielevde ry thing. Atnhddee awsthehen nt ebnecceaosmny etl ooob vi(oawusas ts h e