The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis PDF
Preview The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Neuroimmune Biology Series Editors I. Berczi, A. Szentivanyi Advisory Board B.G. Arnason, Chicago, IL M.D. Kendall,Cambridge, UK E. Arzt, Buenos Aires,Argentina E.A. Korneva, St.Petersburg,Russia P.J. Ba`rnes,London,UK K.Kovacs,Toronto,Canada T. Bartfai, La Jolla, CA G.Kunkel, Berlin, Germany L. Berto´k, Budapest, Hungary L.A. Laitinen, Helsinki, Finland H.O. Besedovsky, Marburg, Germany B. Marchetti,Catania, Italy J. Bienenstock,Hamilton, Canada L. Matera, Turin, Italy C.M. Blatteis, Memphis,TN H.Ovadia, Jerusalem,Israel J. Buckingham, London, UK C.P. Phelps,Tampa, FL Ch. Chawnshang, Rochester,NY L.D. Prockop, Tampa,FL R. Dantzer, Bordeau, France R. Rapaport,New York,NY M. Dardenne,Paris, France S. Reichlin, Tucson, AZ N.Fabris,Ancona, Italy R. Schmidt,Hannover, Germany R.C. Gaillard, Lausanne, Switzerland A.Shmakov, Novosibirsk,Russia Ch. George, Bethesda, MD K.Skwarlo-Sonta, Warsaw, Poland R. Good, Tampa, FL E.M. Sternberg,Bethesda,MD R.M. Gorczynski, Toronto, Canada D.W. Talmage, Denver, CO C. Heijnen,Utrecht,The Netherlands S. Walker,Columbia, MO T. Hori, Fukuoka, Japan A.G. Zapata, Madrid, Spain H.Imura, Kyoto, Japan The Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Volume Editors Adriana del Rey Institute of Physiology University of Marburg Marburg, Germany George P. Chrousos University of Athens Athens, Greece Hugo O. Besedovsky Institute of Physiology University of Marburg Marburg, Germany AMSTERDAM(cid:2)BOSTON(cid:2)HEIDELBERG(cid:2)LONDON(cid:2)NEWYORK(cid:2)OXFORD PARIS(cid:2)SANDIEGO(cid:2)SANFRANCISCO(cid:2)SINGAPORE(cid:2)SYDNEY(cid:2)TOKYO Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP,UK Firstedition2008 Copyright(cid:2)2008ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(þ44)(0)1865843830;fax(þ44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN: 978-0-444-53040-0 ISSN: 1567-7443 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatelsevierdirect.com PrintedandboundinU.K. 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org vii List of Contributors Matias Acun˜a Laboratorio de Fisiolog´ıa yBiolog´ıa Molecular,DepartamentodeFisiolog´ıa, Biolog´ıa Moleculary Celular, Facultad deCiencias Exactasy Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello´n II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires,Argentina Eduardo Arzt Laboratorio de Fisiolog´ıa yBiolog´ıa Molecular,DepartamentodeFisiolog´ıa, Biolog´ıa Moleculary Celular, Facultad deCiencias Exactasy Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello´n II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires,Argentina Peter J. Barnes DepartmentofThoracicMedicine,National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY,UK AlbertusBeishuizen DepartmentofIntensiveCare, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hugo O.Besedovsky DepartmentofImmunophysiology, Institute ofPhysiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, 35037Marburg, Germany StefanR. Bornstein III Medical Clinic, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, atthe Technical University ofDresden, Fetscherstrasse 74 01307 Dresden, Germany CarolinaP. Castro Laboratorio de Fisiolog´ıa yBiolog´ıa Molecular,DepartamentodeFisiolog´ıa, Biolog´ıa Moleculary Celular, Facultad deCiencias Exactasy Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello´n II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires,Argentina George P. Chrousos FirstDepartment ofPediatrics, Aghia SophiaChildrens Hospital,University ofAthens, Athens, Greece viii ListofContributors John A.Cidlowski NIEHS, 111 T.W.Alexander Dr. Building 101, Room F-354, Research Triangle Park,Durham, NC 27709,USA Firdaus S. Dhabhar DepartmentofPsychiatry, Program inImmunology &Cancer Center, StanfordUniversity, GrantBuilding, Lab S-207, 300 PasteurDrive, MC 5135, Stanford, CA 94305-5135, USA Adrian J. Dunn PacificBiosciencesResearchCenterandDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofHawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Ilia J.Elenkov Institute ofNeurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National ResearchCouncil, Via Fosso del Cavaliere100, 00133 Rome,Italy Denis P. Franchimont Division ofGastroenterology,Montreal General Hospital, McgillUniversity, Montreal, Canada Damiana Giacomini Laboratorio de Fisiolog´ıa yBiolog´ıa Molecular,DepartamentodeFisiolog´ıa, Biolog´ıa Moleculary Celular, Facultad deCiencias Exactasy Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello´n II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires,Argentina Paul M.Guyre DepartmentofPhysiology, Dartmouth Medical School,Lebanon NH 03756-0001, USA Peter Ha¨rle DepartmentofInternal Medicine I,University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany Klaus Heeg Dept.ofHygiene and Medical Microbiology, University ofHeidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Carmen Herna´ndez-Lo´pez Centre for Microscopy and Cytometry,Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain David Janele DepartmentofInternal Medicine I,University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany WilfridJa¨nig Physiologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universita¨tzu Kiel, Olshausenstr.40, Olshausenstr. 40,Germany ListofContributors ix Eva Jime´nez DepartmentofCellBiology,FacultyofMedicine,ComplutenseUniversity,28040Madrid, Spain T. Bucky Jones TheOhioStateUniversity,CollegeofMedicine,CenterforBrainandSpinalCordRepair, 460 W. 12th Avenue, 786Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA MartinKees DepartmentofInternal Medicine I,University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany Alexander W. Krug Medical Clinic III, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, University ofDresden, Dresden,Germany Ivan Lefkovits ResearchDepartmentoftheUniversityClinics,PhysiologyInstituteofUniversityofBasel, Vesalianum, Vesalgasse 1,CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland Kurt M. Lucin DepartmentofNeurologyandNeurologicalSciences,StanfordUniversity School of Medicine,300PasteurDrive, Rm 343, MC 5235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Jeanette I. Webster Marketon Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research and Divisionof Pulmonary,Allergy, Critical Careand Sleep Medicine,Department ofInternal Medicine, TheOhio State University, 2058A Graves Hall, 333 W.10th Ave, Columbus, OH43210,USA Allan Munck EmeritusDepartmentofPhysiology,DartmouthMedicalSchool,LebanonNH03756-0001, USA Juan J. Mun˜oz Centre for Microscopy and Cytometry,Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain AlbertoC. Nagashima Laboratorio de Fisiolog´ıa yBiolog´ıa Molecular,DepartamentodeFisiolog´ıa, Biolog´ıa Molecular yCelular, Facultadde Ciencias Exactas yNaturales, Universidad deBuenos Aires,Ciudad Universitaria, Pabello´n II, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina Marcelo Pa´ez-Pereda Max-Planck InstituteofPsychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 10, 80804 Munich, Germany Louis DuPasquier InstituteofZoologyandEvolutionaryBiology,Vesalgasse1,CH-4051Basel,Switzerland Georg Pongratz DepartmentofInternal Medicine I,University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany x ListofContributors PhillipG. Popovich TheOhio State University, College ofMedicine,Center for Brain and SpinalCord Repair,460 W. 12th Avenue, 786Biomedical Research Tower, Columbus, Ohio43210,USA Ulrich Renner Max-Planck InstituteofPsychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 10, 80804 Munich, Germany Adriana del Rey Institute ofPhysiology, University ofMarburg,Marburg, Germany Rosa Sacedo´n DepartmentofCell Biology,Faculty ofMedicine,Complutense University, 28040 Madrid,Spain Ju¨rgen Scho¨lmerich DepartmentofInternal Medicine I,University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany Kathleen A.Smoak Laboratory ofSignal Transduction, National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences, DepartmentofHealthand Human Services, National Institutes ofHealth, Research Triangle Park,North Carolina 27709, USA Gu¨nter K.Stalla Max-Planck InstituteofPsychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 10, 80804 Munich, Germany Esther M.Sternberg SectiononNeuroendocrineImmunologyandBehavior,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth, National Institutesof Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 36, Convent Drive MSC-4020,Bldg 36, Room 1A23,Bethesda,MD 20892-4020, USA Rainer H.Straub Laboratory ofNeuroendocrinoimmunology,Dept.ofInternal Medicine I, University Hospital,93042 Regensburg, Germany AlbertoVaras DepartmentofCell Biology,Faculty ofMedicine,Complutense University, 28040 Madrid,Spain HelmutVedder DepartmentofGeneral Psychiatry,Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics II Nordbaden Psychiatric Centre,Heidelberger Strasse 1a, 69168Wiesloch, Germany Istvan Vermes DepartmentofClinicalChemistry, Medical Spectrum Twente, Hospital Group, P.O.Box 50000, 7500KA Enschede,The Netherlands ListofContributors xi Angeles Vicente DepartmentofCell Biology,Faculty ofMedicine,Complutense University, 28040 Madrid,Spain Ilias Vrezas DepartmentofEndocrinology, University Hospital ofDuesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5 40225, Duesseldorf,Germany Mark P. Yeager Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon NH03756-0001, USA Agust´ın G.Zapata DepartmentofCell Biology,Faculty ofBiology, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid,Spain ChristianG.Ziegler MedicalClinicIII,CarlGustavCarusUniversityHospital,UniversityofDresden, Dresden,Germany xiii Foreword Studiesoninteractionsbetweentheimmune,endocrine,andnervoussystemscannolongerbe consideredasanemergingfieldinbiologicalandmedicalsciences.Indeed,inthelast30years, hundreds of publications dealing with different aspects of this field appeared in prestigious multidisciplinary journals and in journals specialized in immunology, endocrinology, and neurosciences. As it usually occurs, the development of a scientific field is preceded by a stage that can be called ‘‘prehistory,’’ in which few primitive facts serve for claims that are not based on scientifically structured hypotheses and concepts. We have to admit that the ‘‘prehistoric’’ period in the field of immune–neuroendocrine interactions was a little bit too long, in which holistic statements such as ‘‘the brain and the mind control everything and then ... whynottheimmunesystem?’’predominated.Furthermore,theexperimentalevidence available at that time often derived from a primitive technology or from studies restricted to non-adaptive acute hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions. The most solid evidence of endocrineeffectsonimmunitywasthatadrenocorticalhormonesareanti-inflammatoryandcan affectimmuneorgansandthedistributionoflymphoidcells.SuchknowledgeledHansSelyeto predictthatstresscaninfluenceimmuneprocess,apredictionthatisatpresentfullyconfirmed and continuestobe investigatedin detail. Since then, an enormous bulk of information has accumulated indicating that the immune and neuroendocrine systems interact and control each other. Unfortunately, for some time, most immunologists were reluctant to accept the existence of a level of neuroendocrine control of immune processes. Retrospectively, this reluctancy is easy to justify since, at that time, it was still necessary to elucidate crucial intrinsic immune mechanisms. The main concern of immunologists was to understand the immune system from ‘‘within,’’ with a tendency to ignore that immune cells are also exposed to external signals that affect the system. To look ‘‘inside’’ the immune system yielded formidable results. Now, the structure of the main molecules (e.g., antibodies, T-cell receptor) that recognizes the huge universe of antigens is known. The molecular and genetic bases of the differentiation and diversification of immune cells as well as the types and subtypes of cells that participate in an immune response are largely understood. The biochemical pathways of immune cell activation and how these cells interact and receive information from antigen-presenting cells have also been clarified to a great extent. This knowledge showed that immune cells are extremely complex, and that refined interactions between them constitute the basis of different types of immune responses. The identification of efficient autoregulatory mechanisms may suggest that, compared to other physiologic systems, the immune system displays a privileged autonomy. However, a physiological immune response in an organism depends on mechanisms that are under neuro- endocrinecontrol.Themostobviouslevelofsuchdependenceistheneedtocontrolthehighly xiv Foreword demanding metabolic processes that underlie immune cell functions. Another example of dependence is relatedto the circulatorysystems. Indeed, no effective immune response would be possible if immune cells could not circulate and reach the places where antigens are presented. Hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides can also influence more refined mechanisms underlyingimmunecellactivity.Immunecellsperforminanenvironmentwherealltheseagentsare presentandcanperceiveneuroendocrinesignalsviaspecificreceptors.Thereisclearevidencethat immunecellscanestablishclosecontactswithnervefibersbothinlymphoidorgansandintissues wheretheymeetandrecognizeantigens,andexpandanddevelopaseffectorcells.Itisalsoknown thatcertainimmuneproductsandsomehormonesandneurotransmittersshearsecondintracellular messengers, transcription factors, and post-transcriptional mechanisms, a situation that allows a mutualmodulationoftheireffectsatintracellularlevels.Ontheotherhand,differenttypesofimmune cellsexpressadifferentnumberofreceptorsforagivenneuroendocrineagentandthisnumbervaries afteractivation.Thus,thedistinctsensitivityofrestingandactivatedcellstotheseagentscontributes toimmunospecificityandallowsaneuroendocrinecontrolofdefinedstepsoftheimmuneresponse. It is important to remark here that, under natural conditions, hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides represent the efferent messengers of complex immune–neuroendocrine regulatory circuits.Indeed,aswithothersystemsunderneuroendocrineregulation,theimmunesystemconveys signalstocentralregulatoryagenciesthatinturnrespondandaffectthecourse,development,and terminationoftheimmuneresponse.Thefirstneuroendocrineimmunoregulatorycircuitwaspostu- lated when it was shown that, following antigenic challenge, immune cell products stimulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal(HPA)axisandthattheresultingincreaseinglucocorticoidoutput can affect the immune response. The organization of this circuit and its relevance for health and diseaseisthemaintopicofthisvolume. The first chapter (A. Dunn) provides a general perspective of the content of this volume. Then,weconsidereditusefultoofferananatomicalandphysiologicaldescriptionoftheHPA axis (H. Vedder) and an analysis of how glucocorticoids can signal during health and disease (K.SmoakandJ.Cidlowski).Becauseofitscomplementaryphysiologicalfunctioningwiththe HPA axis, the organization of the sympathetic nervous system is included (W. Ja¨nig). Also a briefdescriptionoftheinnate(K.Heeg)andspecific(I.LefkovitsandL.DuPasquier)immune responses, as well as how the immune system functions in the brain (T. Jones, K. Lucin, and P.Popovich),ispresented.Thesecondpartofthisvolumeisdevotedtoeffectsandmechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on immune processes (P. Guyre, M. Yeager, and A. Munck), including their effects on the developing thymus (R. Sacedo´n et al.). The action of catechol- amines (I. Elenkov) on immunity and the dual suppressive and enhancing effects of stress on immunefunction(F.Dhabhar)arealsocoveredinthispart.Thethirdpartofthisvolumedeals with afferent signalsdeliveredtothe brain,endocrineglands,andtheautonomic nervesystem duringimmuneresponses.HowimmunesignalsareprocessedatbrainlevelandaffecttheHPA axis(H.BesedovskyandA.delRey),andtheeffectofinflammatorymediatorsonthepituitary (D. Giacomini et al.), the adrenal glands (I. Vrezas et al.), and the autonomic nervous system (R. Straub et al.) are addressed here. The last part covers the clinical relevance of HPA axis– immune interactions, particularly during sepsis and the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (I. Vermes and A. Beishuizen) and inflammatory disorders (J. Webster Marketon and E. Sternberg). The development of glucocorticoid resistance during inflammatory diseases (D. Franchimont and G. Chrousos) and the role of glucocorticoids in asthma (P. Barnes) are also discussed. We hope that this volume provides a comprehensive view of the molecular and functional organization oftheimmune–HPAaxiscircuitanditsclinicalrelevance.We alsoexpectthatit
The list of books you might like
