The Humanistic Tradition Volume 2: The Early Modern World to the Present

561 Pages·2015·154.038 MB·English

by  Gloria Fiero

Volume SEVENTH EDITION
II
The
Humanistic
Tradition
The Early Modern World
to the Present
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Volume
SEVENTH EDITION
II
The
Humanistic
Tradition
The Early Modern World
to the Present
Gloria K. Fiero
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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THE HUMANISTIC TRADITION, VOLUME II
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THE EARLY MODERN WORLD TO THE PRESENT
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SEVENTH EDITION
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Fiero, Gloria K.
The humanistic tradition / Gloria K. Fiero. -- Seventh edition. Toshusai Sharaku, Bust Portrait of the Actor
volumes cm Segawa Tomisaburo as Yadorigi, the Wife
Includes bibliographical references and index. of Ogishi Kurando (detail), 1794–1795.
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Series Contents
BOOK 1 BOOK 4
The First Civilizations and the Faith, Reason, and Power in
Classical Legacy the Early Modern World
Introduction: Prehistory and the Birth of Civilization 20 The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque Style
1 Mesopotamia: Gods, Rulers, and the Social Order 21 Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style
2 Africa: Gods, Rulers, and the Social Order 22 The Baroque in the Protestant North
3 India, China, and the Americas 23 The Scientific Revolution and the New Learning
4 Greece: Humanism and the Speculative Leap 24 The Enlightenment: The Promise of Reason
5 The Classical Style 25 The Limits of Reason
6 Rome: The Rise to Empire 26 Eighteenth-Century Art, Music, and Society
7 China: The Rise to Empire
BOOK 2 BOOK 5
Medieval Europe and the World Beyond Romanticism, Realism, and the
Nineteenth-Century World
8 A Flowering of Faith: Christianity and Buddhism
9 The Language of Faith: Symbolism and the Arts 27 The Romantic View of Nature
10 The Islamic World: Religion and Culture 28 The Romantic Hero
11 Patterns of Medieval Life 29 The Romantic Style in Art and Music
12 Christianity and the Medieval Mind 30 Industry, Empire, and the Realist Style
13 The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts 31 The Move Toward Modernism
14 The World Beyond the West: India, China,
and Japan
BOOK 3 BOOK 6
The European Renaissance, the Modernism, Postmodernism, and the
Reformation, and Global Encounter Global Perspective
15 Adversity and Challenge: 32 The Modernist Assault
The Fourteenth-Century Transition 33 The Freudian Revolution
16 Classical Humanism in the Age of the Renaissance 34 Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Arts
17 Renaissance Artists: Disciples of Nature, 35 The Quest for Meaning
Masters of Invention 36 Liberation and Equality
18 Cross-Cultural Encounters: Asia, Africa, 37 The Information Age
and the Americas 38 Globalism: The Contemporary World
19 Protest and Reform: The Waning of the Old Order
VOLUME I VOLUME II
Prehistory to the Early Modern World The Early Modern World to the Present
Chapters 1–19 Chapters 19–38
SERIES CONTENTS v
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Volume II Contents
Preface xiv BOOK 4
Letter from the Author xvi
Faith, Reason, and Power in the
Early Modern World
19 P rotest and Reform: The Waning of the
Old Order (ca. 1400–1600) 0 Summary of the Renaissance and the Reformation 34
Classical Humanism 34
LOOKING AHEAD 1
Renaissance Artists 34
The Temper of Reform 1
Shattering the Old Order: Protest and Reform 35
The Impact of Technology 1
Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance 2
The Protestant Reformation 3 20 T he Catholic Reformation and the
READING 19.1 From Luther’s Address to the German Nobility 4 Baroque Style (ca. 1550–1750) 37
The Spread of Protestantism 5
Calvin 5 LOOKING AHEAD 38
EXPLORING ISSUES Humanism and Religious The Catholic Reformation 38
Fanaticism: The Persecution of Witches 6 Loyola and the Jesuits 38
The Anabaptists 6 READING 20.1 From Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises 39
The Anglican Church 6 The Council of Trent 39
Music and the Reformation 7 Catholicism’s Global Reach 39
Northern Renaissance Art 7 Literature and the Catholic Reformation 40
Jan van Eyck 7 Teresa of Avila 41
LOOKING INTO Van Eyck’s Arnolfini Double Portrait 8 READING 20.2 From Saint Teresa’s Visions 41
Bosch 9 Crashaw 41
Printmaking 12 READING 20.3 From Crashaw’s The Flaming Heart 41
Dürer 12 The Visual Arts and the Catholic Reformation 41
Grünewald 13 Mannerist Painting in Italy 41
Cranach and Holbein 14 MAKING CONNECTIONS 45
Bruegel 15 Mannerist Painting in Spain 46
Sixteenth-Century Literature 16 The Baroque Style 46
Erasmus: The Praise of Folly 16 Baroque Painting in Italy 47
READING 19.2 From Erasmus’ The Praise of Folly 17 Baroque Sculpture in Italy 49
More’s Utopia 18 Baroque Architecture in Italy 51
READING 19.3 From More’s Utopia 19 MAKING CONNECTIONS 53
Cervantes: Don Quixote 20 Baroque Music 55
READING 19.4 From Cervantes’ Don Quixote 20 The Genius of Gabrieli 57
Rabelais and Montaigne 22 Monteverdi and the Birth of Opera 57
READING 19.5 From Montaigne’s On Cannibals 22 LOOKING BACK 58
Shakespeare 24 Glossary 59
Shakespeare’s Sonnets 25
READING 19.6 From Shakespeare’s Sonnets 25
21 A bsolute Power and the Aristocratic Style
The Elizabethan Stage 25
(ca. 1550–1750) 60
Shakespeare’s Plays 27
Shakespeare’s Hamlet 28 LOOKING AHEAD 61
READING 19.7 From Shakespeare’s Hamlet 28 The Aristocratic Style in Europe 61
Shakespeare’s Othello 30 Louis XIV and French Absolutism 61
READING 19.8 From Shakespeare’s Othello 30 Versailles: Symbol of Royal Absolutism 61
LOOKING BACK 32 LOOKING INTO Rigaud’s Portrait of Louis XIV 62
Glossary 32 Louis as Patron of the Arts 67
Academic Art: Poussin and Lorrain 68
Velázquez and Rubens 70
The Aristocratic Portrait 73
Music and Dance at the Court of Louis XIV 73
Seventeenth-Century French Literature 74
READING 21.1 From La Rochefoucauld’s Maxims 74
vi CONTENTS
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Molière’s Human Comedy 74 Descartes and the Birth of Modern Philosophy 117
READING 21.2 From Molière’s Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme 75 READING 23.3 From Descartes’ Discourse on Method
Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style (Part IV) 118
Beyond Europe 78 Religion and the New Learning 118
Imperial Islam 78 Spinoza and Pascal 119
The Ottoman Empire 78 Locke and the Culmination of the Empirical Tradition 119
The Safavid Empire 79 READING 23.4 From Locke’s Essay Concerning Human
The Mogul Empire 80 Understanding 119
The Arts of the Mogul Court 82 Newton’s Scientific Synthesis 120
The Decline of the Islamic Empires 86 The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on Art 120
Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style in China 86 Northern Baroque Painting 120
The Ming Dynasty 86 LOOKING INTO Van Oosterwyck’s Still Life 123
The Qing Dynasty 86 Vermeer and Dutch Painting 125
The Forbidden City 86 Dutch Portraiture 127
The Arts of the Ming and Qing Courts 89 Rembrandt’s Portraits 128
Chinese Literature and the Theater Arts 91 Baroque Instrumental Music 129
Absolute Power and the Aristocratic Style in Japan 91 Vivaldi 130
The Floating World 92 Bach and Instrumental Music 130
The Way of Tea and Zen 93 LOOKING BACK 131
LOOKING BACK 94 Glossary 132
Glossary 95
24 T he Enlightenment: The Promise of Reason
22 T he Baroque in the Protestant North (ca. 1650–1800) 133
(ca. 1550–1750) 96
LOOKING AHEAD 134
LOOKING AHEAD 97 Liberty and Political Theory 134
The Rise of the English Commonwealth 97 Natural Law 134
The King James Bible 97 Hobbes and Locke 134
READING 22.1 The Twenty-Third Psalm 99 READING 24.1 From Hobbes’ Leviathan 135
English Literature of the Seventeenth Century 99 Locke’s Government of the People 136
John Donne 99 READING 24.2 From Locke’s Of Civil Government 137
READING 22.2 From Donne’s Meditation 17 100 The Influence of Locke on Montesquieu
READING 22.3 From Donne’s Holy Sonnets 100 and Jefferson 138
The Genius of John Milton 100 EXPLORING ISSUES The Right of Revolution 138
LOOKING INTO John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 14 101 READING 24.3 From Jefferson’s Declaration of
READING 22.4 From Milton’s Paradise Lost 102 Independence 139
The London of Christopher Wren 103 The Birth of Economic Theory 140
Protestant Devotionalism in the Netherlands 105 READING 24.4 From Smith’s An Inquiry into the
Rembrandt 105 Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 140
The Music of the Protestant North 106 The Philosophes 141
Handel and the English Oratorio 106 Diderot and the Encyclopédie 142
Bach and Religious Music 108 READING 24.5 From the Encyclopédie 143
LOOKING BACK 109 Madame du Châtelet 144
Glossary 110 The Encyclopedic Cast of Mind 144
The Crusade for Progress 145
Leibniz and Beccaria 145
23 T he Scientific Revolution and the
Condorcet 145
New Learning (ca. 1550–1750) 111
READING 24.6 From Condorcet’s Sketch for a Historical
LOOKING AHEAD 112 Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind 146
The Scientific Revolution 112 Enlightenment and the Rights of Women 147
The Background 112 READING 24.7 From Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the
Kepler 113 Rights of Woman 148
Galileo 113 Enlightenment Literature 150
The Instruments of the New Science 113 The Journalistic Essay 150
The New Learning 114 The Modern Novel 150
Bacon and the Empirical Method 114 Pope: Poet of the Enlightenment 150
READING 23.1 From Bacon’s Novum Organum 115 READING 24.8 From Pope’s Essay on Man 151
EXPLORING ISSUES Science versus Religion 116 LOOKING BACK 152
READING 23.2 From Bacon’s Of Studies from Essays 116 Glossary 152
CONTENTS vii
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Classical Music 200
25 The Limits of Reason (ca. 1700–1800) 153
The Birth of the Symphony Orchestra 201
LOOKING AHEAD 154 Classical Instrumental Compositions 201
The Industrial Revolution 154 The Development of the Classical Style: Haydn 202
Early Industrialization 154 The Genius of Mozart 203
The Transatlantic Slave Trade 154 Beethoven: The Early Years 205
Equiano and Slave Narratives 156 LOOKING BACK 205
READING 25.1 From Equiano’s Travels 156 Glossary 206
Phillis Wheatley 158
READING 25.2 Wheatley’s “On Being Brought from Africa
to America” 158
Enlightenment Bias 158 BOOK 5
Satire: Weapon of the Enlightenment 159
Romanticism, Realism, and the
The Satires of Jonathan Swift 159
Nineteenth-Century World
READING 25.3 From Swift’s A Modest Proposal 159
Voltaire and Candide 161
READING 25.4 From Voltaire’s Candide, or Optimism 163
27 The Romantic View of Nature
Satire in Chinese Literature 165
(ca. 1780–1880) 209
READING 25.5 From Li Ruzhen’s Flowers in the Mirror 165
The Visual Satires of William Hogarth 167 LOOKING AHEAD 210
Rousseau’s Revolt Against Reason 168 The Progress of Industrialization 210
READING 25.6 From Rousseau’s Discourse on the Origin Early Nineteenth-Century Thought 210
of Inequality among Men 168 Hegel and the Hegelian Dialectic 211
Rousseau and Education 170 Darwin and the Theory of Evolution 211
Kant’s Mind/World Revolution 170 EXPLORING ISSUES Creationism versus
The Revolutions of the Late Eighteenth Century 171 Evolution 213
The American Revolution 171 Nature and the Natural in European Literature 213
The French Revolution 171 Wordsworth and the Poetry of Nature 213
LOOKING BACK 175 READING 27.1 From Wordsworth’s “Lines Composed a
Glossary 175 Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” 215
The Poetry of Shelley 216
READING 27.2 Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” 216
26 E ighteenth-Century Art, Music, and Society
The Poetry of Keats 217
(ca. 1700–1820) 176
READING 27.3 Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn” 218
LOOKING AHEAD 177 Blake: Romantic Mystic 219
The Rococo Style 177 READING 27.4 Blake’s “The Tiger” 219
Rococo Painting: Watteau 178 Nature and the Natural in Asian Literature 219
Boucher 180 READING 27.5 From Shen Fu’s Six Chapters from a
Vigée-Lebrun 181 Floating Life 220
Fragonard 181 Romantic Landscape Painting 221
Rococo Sculpture 182 MAKING CONNECTIONS 221
Rococo Music 182 Constable and Turner 222
Eighteenth-Century Genre Painting 183 Landscape Painting in France 225
Greuze 183 American Romanticism 225
Chardin 184 Transcendentalism 225
Eighteenth-Century Neoclassicism 186 LOOKING INTO Emerson’s “Brahma” 226
Winckelmann 186 READING 27.6 From Thoreau’s Walden 227
Piranesi 187 Walt Whitman’s Romantic Individualism 228
Neoclassical Architecture 187 READING 27.7 From Whitman’s “Song of Myself” 228
Neoclassicism in America 191 American Landscape Painting 229
MAKING CONNECTIONS 191 America and Native Americans 231
Neoclassical Sculpture 192 American Folk Art 233
Neoclassical Painting and Politics: The Art of David 193 LOOKING BACK 236
LOOKING INTO Ingres’ Apotheosis of Homer 195 Glossary 236
Ingres and Academic Neoclassicism 196
Kauffmann and Academic Neoclassicism 196
28 The Romantic Hero (ca. 1780–1880) 237
Neoclassicism under Napoleon 197
MAKING CONNECTIONS 198 LOOKING AHEAD 238
Eighteenth-Century Western Music 200 Nationalism and the Hero 238
viii CONTENTS
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Napoleon as a Romantic Hero 238 READING 30.2 From Lin Zexu’s Letter of Advice to
READING 28.1 From Napoleon’s Diary 240 Queen Victoria 281
The Promethean Hero 240 Social and Economic Realities 283
The Promethean Myth in Literature 240 EXPLORING ISSUES Islam and the West 283
READING 28.2 From Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Nineteenth-Century Social Theory 284
(Chapters 4 and 5) 241 EXPLORING ISSUES The Limits of Authority 285
Bryon and the Promethean Myth 242 The Radical Views of Marx and Engels 285
READING 28.3 Byron’s “Prometheus” 244 READING 30.3 From Marx’s and Engels’ Communist
Pushkin: The Byron of Russia 244 Manifesto 286
READING 28.4 From Pushkin’s “Napoleon” 245 Mill and Women’s Rights 288
The Abolitionists: American Prometheans 245 READING 30.4 From Mill’s The Subjection of Women 288
Frederick Douglass 246 The New Historicism 289
READING 28.5 From Douglass’s My Bondage and Realism in Literature 289
My Freedom 246 The Novels of Dickens and Twain 289
Sojourner Truth 247 READING 30.5 From Dickens’ The Old Curiosity Shop 290
READING 28.6 From The Narrative of Sojourner READING 30.6 From Twain’s The Adventures of
Truth 248 Huckleberry Finn 291
Slave Songs and Spirituals 248 Russian Realism: Dostoevsky and Tolstoy 293
Goethe’s Faust: The Quintessential Romantic Hero 248 READING 30.7 From Dostoevsky’s Crime
READING 28.7 From Goethe’s Faust 250 and Punishment 294
Romantic Love and Romantic Stereotypes 254 The Literary Heroines of Flaubert and Chopin 295
READING 28.8 Heine’s “You are Just Like a Flower” 254 READING 30.8 From Flaubert’s Madame Bovary 296
The Female Voice 254 READING 30.9 Kate Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour”
LOOKING BACK 256 (“The Dream of an Hour”) 296
Zola and the Naturalistic Novel 297
READING 30.10 From Zola’s Germinal 298
29 The Romantic Style in Art and Music
Realist Drama: Ibsen 299
(ca. 1780–1880) 257
READING 30.11 From Ibsen’s A Doll’s House 299
LOOKING AHEAD 258 Realism in the Visual Arts 300
Heroic Themes in Art 258 The Birth of Photography 300
Gros and the Glorification of the Hero 258 Courbet and French Realist Painting 302
Popular Heroism in Goya and Géricault 258 Daumier’s Social Realism 303
Delacroix and Revolutionary Heroism 260 LOOKING INTO Courbet’s Burial at Ornans 304
MAKING CONNECTIONS 262 The Scandalous Realism of Manet 307
Heroic Themes in Sculpture 263 Realism in American Painting 310
Trends in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Architecture 266 MAKING CONNECTIONS 311
Neomedievalism in the West 266 Late Nineteenth-Century Architecture 314
Exoticism in Western Architecture 267 Realism in Music 316
The Romantic Style in Music 267 LOOKING BACK 318
The Genius of Beethoven 268 Glossary 318
Art Songs 270
The Programmatic Symphonies of Berlioz 270
31 The Move Toward Modernism
The Piano Music of Chopin 271
(ca. 1875–1900) 319
The Romantic Ballet 273
Romantic Opera 275 LOOKING AHEAD 320
Verdi and Italian Grand Opera 275 Late Nineteenth-Century Thought 320
Wagner and the Birth of Music-Drama 275 Nietzsche’s New Morality 320
LOOKING BACK 276 READING 31.1 From the Works of Nietzsche 320
Glossary 277 Bergson: Intellect and Intuition 321
Poetry in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Symbolists 322
Mallarmé 322
30 I ndustry, Empire, and the Realist Style
READING 31.2 From Mallarmé’s “The Afternoon
(ca. 1850–1900) 278
of a Faun” 322
LOOKING AHEAD 279 Music in the Late Nineteenth Century: Debussy 323
The Global Dominion of the West 279 Painting in the Late Nineteenth Century 324
Advancing Industrialization 279 Symbolism 324
Colonialism and the New Imperialism 279 Impressionism 325
READING 30.1 From Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden” 280 Monet: Pioneer Impressionist 325
China and the West 281 Renoir 327
CONTENTS ix
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