The Human Oncogenic Viruses: Molecular Analysis and Diagnosis PDF
Preview The Human Oncogenic Viruses: Molecular Analysis and Diagnosis
The Human Oncogenic Viruses Molecular Analysis and Diagnosis The Oncogenes The Human Oncogenic Viruses: MoLecuLar AnaLysis and Diagnosis edited by Albert A. Luderer and Howard H. Weetall, 1986 The Human Oncogenic Viruses Molecular Analysis and Diagnosis Edited by ALBERT A. LUDERER AND HOWARD H. WEETALL Humana Press • Clifton, New Jersey Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: © 1986 The Humana Press Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1986 Crescent Manor PO Box 2148 Clifton, NJ 07015 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Human oncogenic viruses. (The Oncogenes) Includes bibliography and index. 1. Encogenic viruses. 2. Oncogenes. I. Luderer, Albert A. II. Weetall, Howard H. III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Oncogenic Viruses. QW 166 H918] QR372.06H86 1986 616.99'4071 86-7518 ISBN-I3: 978-1-4612-9393-4 e-ISBN-I3: 978-1-4612-5002-9 001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5002-9 Preface The early, organ-specific diagnosis of malignancy continues to be a major unmet medical need. Clearly the ability to establish an early diagnosis of cancer is dependent upon an intimate knowledge of the cancer's biology, which if understood at the molecular level should identify key diagnostic and therapeutic manipulation points. Advances in recombinant gene technology have provided significant understanding of the mechanisms of action of oncogenic viruses, as well as of cancer-associated genomic sequences (onco- genes). This text will explore the known molecular genetic, biolog- ical, and clinical knowledge of selected human neoplasms that demonstrate association with suspected oncogenic virus and those cytogenetic alterations that either cause or are caused by oncogene activation. The text first reviews the cytogenetics of human cancers link- ing classical cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Avery A. Sand- berg (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York) reviews the leukemias and lymphomas, followed by S. Pathak (M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas), who reviews solid tumors. Functional consideration of oncogenes is highlighted by Keith C. Robbins and Stuart A. Aaronson (NO, Bethesda, Maryland) through their description of the v-sis locus and its gene product p.28sis; a protein that closely resembles human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In the following chapters, the molecular biology of those human viruses associated with human cancer are carefully reviewed in relation to disease natural history. Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) genes and gene products in cervical neoplasia are described by Cecilia M. Fenoglio-Preiser (Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Alberquerque, New Mexico) and James K. McDougall (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington), followed by a discourse on anogenital neoplasms and papillomaviruses by Wayne D. Lancaster et al. (Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC). Toyoro Osato et al. (Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan) review the molecular biology of the Epstein-Barr virus and its associated v vi Preface cancers, including Burkitt's, nasopharyngeal, and opportunistic lymphoma. Hepatitis B and its relationship with hepatocellular car- cinoma is reviewed by Hubert E. Blum et al. (UCSF, San Francisco, California). In the last chapter, Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed by Thomas J. Spira (CDC, Atlanta, Georgia) relative to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTL V) types 1 and 3, as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is our hope that this work will provide a reference point for the merging of molecular and clinical knowledge of human malig- nancies. It is only through the thorough understanding of the molecular process of malignancy that more realistic therapeutic regimens will evolve and earlier specific diagnosis be achieved. Albert A. Luderer Howard H. Weetall Ciba Corning Diagnostic Corp. Cambridge, Massachusetts Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge the patience and support extended to our work by Thomas Lanigan, President, Humana Press; Fran Lipton and Deborah Epstein, Humana Press; the secre- tarial work of Ruth Dhionis and Pamela Velie, and, finally, the con- tinued support of Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp., all of which have aided the editors immeasurably in the completion of this work. Contents Preface v Contributors xv Cytogenetics of the Leukemias and Lymphomas Avery A. Sandberg 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodologic Background and Considerations 2 3. Chromosome Changes in Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML) 3 3.1. The Philadelphia (Ph) Chromosome 3 3.2. Cytogenetics of the Blastic Phase 8 4. Oncogenes, the Ph, and CMl 9 5. Karyotypic Aspects of the Acute leukemias 12 5.1. Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia (ANll) 13 5.2. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (All) 19 6. Pre leukemia and Myelodysplastic Disorders 21 7. Cytogenetic Changes in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ClL) 22 7.1. B- and T-Cell Mitogenic Stimulants 22 7.2. B- and T-Cell Cll 22 7.3. Prolymphocytic Leukemia 25 8. Cytogenetic Aspects of Lymphoma 25 8.1. Burkitt's lymphoma 25 8.2. Malignant lymphomas (Other Than Burkitt's) 29 9. Diagnostic and Prognostic Aspects of Chromosome Changes in Leukemia and Lymphoma 32 9.1. Specific (Primary) Changes 32 9.2. Primary vs Secondary Chromosome Changes 32 References 35 ix x Contents Cytogenetics of Solid Tumors: Renal Cell Carcinoma, Malignant Melanoma, Retinoblastoma, and Wilms' Tumor S. Pathak 1. Introduction 43 2. Materials and Procedures 45 2.1. Tissue Culture Techniques 46 2.2. Harvesting and Chromosome Preparation 48 2.3. Chromosome Banding Techniques 49 3. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) 49 3.1. General Description 3.2. Chromosome Anomalies in RCC 50 4. Malignant Melanoma (MM) 56 4.1. General Description 56 4.2. Chromosome Anomalies in MM 56 5. Retinoblastoma (RB) 62 5.1. General Description 62 5.2. Chromosome Anomalies in RB 64 6. Wilms' Tumor (WT) 69 6.1. General Description 69 6.2. Chromosome Anomalies in WT 69 7. Discussion 72 7.1. General Discussion 72 7.2. Double Minutes and Homogeneously Staining Regions 75 8. Concluding Remarks 77 References 79 Elucidation of a Normal Function for a Human Proto-Oncogene Keith C. Robbins and Stuart A. Aaronson 1. Introduction 89 2. A Primate Sarcoma Virus with Novel Properties 89 3. Molecular Cloning of the Biologically Active SSV Genome 90 4. Molecular Organization of the SSV Genome 91 5. Detection and Localization of a Non-SSAV-Related Region ofSSV 94 6. v-sis Is Cell Derived and Required for SSV Transforming Activity 95 7. Predicted Coding Sequence of the SSV Transforming Gene 99 8. Detection of the SSV Transforming Gene Product 100 s 9. p28 ;s Is Related to Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor 102 Contents xi 10. Close Structural and Conformational Similarity Between the SSV Transforming Gene Product and Biologically Active PDGF 103 11. Anti-PDGF Serum Recognizes SSV Transforming Gene Products 105 12. The Human c-sis Locus 105 13. Mechanism of SSV Transformation 107 References 109 Detection of HSV-2 Genes and Gene Products in Cervical Neoplasia Cecilia M. Fenoglio-Preiser and James K. McDougall 1. Introduction 113 2. Etiologic Factors 114 2.1. Sexual Factors 114 2.2. Epidemiologic Factors 114 2.3. Male Role 115 2.4. Hereditary Factors 116 2.5. Chemical Factors 116 2.6. Radiation 117 2.7. Infectious Agents 117 3. Herpes Genitalis Infections 118 3.1. Productive Infections 119 3.2. Latent Infections 121 4. Pathologic Features of Cervical Neoplasia 123 5. Seroepidemiologic Studies Linking HSV-2 to Cervical Neoplasia 126 6. Herpes-Specific Antigens in Cervical Neoplasia 129 7. HSV Genetic Sequences in Cervical Neoplasia 133 8. Postulated Mechanisms of Oncogenesis for Cervical Neoplasia 137 References 142 Papilloma viruses in Anogenital Neoplasms Wayne D. Lancaster, Robert J. Kurman, and A. Bennett Jenson 1. Introduction 153 2. Papillomavirus Properties 154 2.1. Chemical Composition 154 2.2. Papillomavirus Plurality 155
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