Table Of Content

THE HORSE sre WHEEL LANGUAGE } How BRONZE-AGE RIDERS FROM THE EURASIAN STEPPES SHAPED THE MODERN WORLD DAVID W. ANTHONY Prineton ator Pre Princkn end ind lly Pinehe Dey Pe Hl Se Pena Now ay OHS Tear 2580-0 tag of Conse ber SE cash Ute Conegngc-ebenss Dia ete ‘Birbeck rte camped i Asean CONTENTS o Acbnowsadgpients x. PARE ONE. ‘Language and Aschacology 1 Chapter One ‘The Promine a Pisin dhe Merge 3 Anceiers Linguits and Chrovinsts Boe Lure ofthe Mather Tongoe 11 A News Saatian for an Old Brew 13 Language Extinction ad Taught Chagper Toe Hows to Resoonmuct a Dead Languege 21 Language Change and Tose 22 Panel Hows to Reconstruct a Dead Scund 24 "he Lasieam: Hows Recnstraet Dead Meanings 32 Spates ani Merplology: Tee Shape ofa Dead Fznguags 36 CConcaon: Rating w Languesefrem the Dou 38 Chaprer Theve Language ¢ Tie 1 “Tae Lan Speers of Prove Indo-Foropern 39 ‘Te Size of te Chrogal Wind: How Lang De Languages Las? 39 ‘Be Terminal Date fir Prato-Inde- Ease ‘Be Mother Becomes Hor Daughters 2 ‘he Oidar and Stangat Tighter (or Cowsin®) Anataion 43 The Neat Ost Iseiptiont: Creek and Ol Inde 48 (Counting the Retaivs: Hees Many i 1500 BCE? 50 ok Crtenr (Chapter Four Language and Tine 2 ‘Waal, Whee, and Botnlede-Eurpean 59 Dis Wiel Vocatery 39 Bh Wise Vanbery 68 Wen Ws te Whe! Tovented 68 “he Signin ofthe Wheel 72 gots and the dnatalion Homeland Hypothesis TS “Woe Birth wend Desc ofProte-ndo-Exrapesn 81 Chapter Pie Language end Pe “Toe Teton af the Proo-fnlo-Foropean Hlomleed 63 Problem with te Concpe of “he Homeland” 8 Fring he Homeland: Eevlogy nd Environment 69 Finding the Homeland Tie Evanamie x Sil Seting 91 Finding the Hamsland: Uralc and Caucatian Canustions 92 ‘os Latin of the Prote-Fnds-Eurcpean Holand 98 Chapter Six ‘The Archaeology of Language 102 Pecitent Frntions 104 Migration ata Cause of Print Maerai-Cltre Fesatiers 108 Polio Frater: Difernt Maye of Mating a Living 114 Booall-cale Migrasony, Elite Reeaionent, ‘ned Fangnage Si? 117 ‘The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes 121 ‘Chapter Serco How to Recontnct a Dead Culture 123 ‘De Teves Agen the Pic Caspin Stapp 135 Dating 2nd the Radiscarhon Ressistion 126 Wat Did Ty Eat? 328 Covent Archaesogical Cleves ond Living Caterer 130 ‘Be Big Queen: Absa 192 Chapter Fight Fist Farmers and Head: The Pomtc-Capian Nelihie 134 Denertcaed Animat and Ponte Caspian Eeslgy 3S {Be Fre Farer-Porager Frantic inthe Penton Caspian Region 138 Fever Mets Foroger: The Bug Drieter Calne 187 Beyond the Frontier: Ponte Caspis: Forage yrs atl Aviced 154 “the Godt Glee Cate 158 Chapter Nine ‘Come, Coppes and Chie 160 The Rely Capper Asin Ol Farge 162 “The Canadien? Dviprie Caere 364 “ioe Disp Pope Calne ITA Bh Key Calta ot the Volga 182 Nulekik and Noreb Cowen Calne 186 Ye Lanner Dam atd Navi Cagion Seppe 188 ‘as Pores Front Ue Samana Caltaré 189 Go, Sead Power, ud be imergene of Dter 199 ChapterTon "The Domestiaton ofthe Heme and the Orig of Reng’ “The Tale ofthe Teh 193 Where Wire Heras Fiat Domestected? 196 Wy Hire Hrses Domertiat? 200 What I a Demmesticted Hore? 20 Bit Waar and Harsback Riding 296 Indo-European Migrations and Bit Wear or Derive 213 Bott ad Encoiic Horseback Riding 216 ‘Be Orig of Foreback Riding 221. Ecrnontic and Military Eficer of Horsch Riding 222 id Conte ‘Chapter Eleven “The Bnd of OW Forope and the Rise ofthe Steppe 225 Warfve and Aan Bie Cucuten-Trigole Culture and the Stopper 230 ‘Te Sezai Stog Culture: Flora and Rituals rom the Bat 289 Migrasens inte the Darah Vig De Suv:sov1-Neaadaniloka Complen 269 Warfare, Cimate Changa and Language ‘8,9 inthe Lower Demae Foley 258 After the Callape 260 Chapter‘Beelre Seeds of Changs on che Sppe Bowles atkop Chis andTigobe Tawa 263 he Mive Cultures of the Foal Fncotit in the Serpe 265 Criss and Change on the gos rote: ‘Pons Bigger than Cer 277, "The Rist Cites and shen Conacion to he Stppes 292 “he North Coueneas Pid Eustis Pars baie Mein 285 “Toe Maikap Culture 97 Muitop-Nasnaabodraya i te Stepper Cenioets with te Neri BS Proto-tnio-Burpecn as ¢ Regional Language in Changing World 299 (Chapter Thirteen ‘Wagon Deetias ifthe Steppe “The Speakers of Potrtods-amypean 300 Why Nota Kurgan Cultue® 06 Bryon the Baier Fri: Toe Afmatioes Migration tthe lad S07 ‘gon Graves i be Sapper SLL Where Di the Yamnaye Herizo Begin 317 ‘When Did rhe Yarnaya Horizan Begin? 324 er be Yaonayo People Nemash? 321 Contents Yoraya Strat Organization 328 ‘The SrneStlae of the Nort Poe Stopper 336 (Chapter Fourteen “The Wovcra Inder Paropen Lamages 340 ‘Te End of the Goeuten-Tepaye Codure mid ‘the Rats of the lane Brahe $a Steppe Overind aa Tigao Cte The Unica Caure 349 “The Vemma Migration the Dance Vale 361 Yom Contacts withthe Corda Ware Horzan 367 ‘The Origine of Grech 308 (Contain: Toe Ears Mister Indo-Europenn Languages Dipere 368 Chapter Fifeen (Chariot Wain of ths Nether Stippcs 371 ‘be nd ofthc Beret Ponti: Condad Wire Herein the Fete 373 Pre Sintusb Culewer of te Easter Stapp $85, “Tas Origin of he Sinaia Culture 389 ‘fare inthe Staring Grae Fortification and spans 398 Tournaments of Vt 405 Sincesbea ona the Origin of te Aryans $08 Chuprer Sixteen “The Opening ofthe Baran Seeppes 412 Bronac Age Enpives andthe Here Pade 312 “Te Rectia-Mepiane Archaeological Complas $21 Be Opening of the Evasion Stepper 135 Te Soubnaya Cuter Horan and Gathering i the sim Sappes 87 East othe Ural, Phase The Patron Cus 441 ‘The Scima-Tarbine ivizon tthe FovesSteppe Lame 68 Cots asf tbe Ura, Phe I: Toe Andronovs Horizon 448 Protea Galton the Geral Asan Contr? Zone 482 ‘he Seopps Berea Bradge cross Eat 83 Chapter Seventeen Wonleand Deeds 458 Te Horse and he Whee $58 Archauelogy and Language 463 Append: Autor Nae an Radvarbon Dats 467 ates 47. References 507 Idee SAT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS e This bool would wot have heen writen without te lve nd spent of zy smother and father, David F and Lawes H. Anthony. Ua H- Anthony read med eomnmeated an every chapter. Hered We ewe into che University of Pesnslvania, ed nents ay fied ards excaation, and taught mtn respecte aes ofa baealog Lame betel with Dats cas Brown 18 my parte, edo, cet, fellow archaeologist, Held excavae Son co-director, lab direer,ifeatrtor,spoure, ead beet feed chrough thick and thin. She edited every chapeer mir rimea,Allche maps and figures sre by D, Brown, Much of the content in chapets 10 and 16 was the product of our joint sesearch, published oree many yeasr. Does brother, Dz, Ben Brown, alte helped co cea and oi the ms ‘The bivwear reer decrbedin chaps 10 andthe Bld week asocatd with the Samara Valley Project chaprer 16) war anpporeed by grass fom Harprisk College, the Freciman ard Paris Foudatins, te Auseisan Pilowpbical Society the Wenrer-Grem Foundasen, the National Geo- expe Society, the Runa Invtiue of Archacology (hana), the Tat- ruseferthe History and Archacalogy of the Volga (Saroars andthe National Scieree Poundacion (United Stata, with asicance fr chapter for the Sete Uaiveniy of New Yr at Cobleslill We are parietal grateful io the National Scien Foundaina (NSF) Suppor® eo wte ths book was provided by fellowship from the Na- ‘ional Eevlnwrnent Fr the Hamanive in 1999-2000 ar» membership in The Schon! of Histcea) Studies a¢ the Fite for Advarcest Stuy TAS) ae Princeton, Nevr Jersey, in 2006, where Nicola DiCormo od Pacsci Crone male ur weleome, The tr atthe IAS ora suc People have helped mi in avmetons diferent ways inch Near Vastarl Est Act: Kathy Lindoff, Victor Mate, Oscec Mocaclls, ‘Kanen Robinson, Chris Trantor Lauren Zjch, CC, Lamberg Karlovy, aed Hiebert, Pil Kohl, Greg Paseeh, Glenn Schwartz, David Oven, ‘Miche Rothman, Bny Buns, Niels DiCosmo, and Peres Galden loess and where vehicies: Deater Fechine and Pat Daly, Sandor Boknyi, Slr Olen, Mary Licauer and Joost Crouwel (ayintructare ‘a ancien tcansp); and Peter Raulwing, NorbereBenceke, and Mindy Feces. x Adnoegmentt [Bic wear and che cing experanents Mindy Zades, Ran Keipes, the Burcan of Land Managentene, Winneruzca, Nevada: Cozeall University Veterinary School; Uniemicy of Pennsylvania New Bolan Cette, the Avatengue Island Wdlife Refine und, at se State Univenity of Newt ‘Yorkar Cobleskill Steve MacKessie, Stephanie Skargeasly, nd Michelle Dept, Linguistice Ward Gandenaugh, Egat Plomé, Richard Diebold, Wine {id Lehmann, Aleander Lobotky, Don Ringe, Sif Zimase, asd fic Hanep. A epi chanks to fohanda Nichols, who helped edit chapur 5, ‘and Till Darden nd at Malley; who evi te Be dia "Exstein European archacology: Petar Glumac (who made me believe 1 could coud Rosslaclngrnge sourced, Pater Boguck’, Douglas Briley ‘ho ceva chayter 1D Roth Tring (bo gave ow ny Brat ald perience in Enstern Europa, Victor Shnitelman four St guide in Rusia, Dims Tekin fy fret source on steppe archrecosy), Netalys Bolan, ‘Oleg Zico Yuri Resormakin, Mikhail Video, Igor Valier, Pel Kumetov, Oleg Mochaloy, Akesand Kbotloy,Povel Kesiney, Elena Kozmins, Senet Koreevlai, Eygent Chemylh, R, Munchaey, Niko Vinogrados, Vier Zalbert, Stisay Grigories, Andrei Epimalcho, Val catio Deraches, and Ludmila Keryakora. Of these I owe the deepest debts to Teegin (ye guide) and my colngues a Saraaca: Vase, Karns, ‘Mochalor, Kho¥hloy, and (honcrary Serases) Kosntry “Taeertors [have made are mine alan; these prope tried thee best.

Description:

Roughly half the world's population speaks languages derived from a shared linguistic source known as Proto-Indo-European. But who were the early speakers of this ancient mother tongue, and how did they manage to spread it around the globe? Until now their identity has remained a tantalizing mystery to linguists, archaeologists, and even Nazis seeking the roots of the Aryan race. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language lifts the veil that has long shrouded these original Indo-European speakers, and reveals how their domestication of horses and use of the wheel spread language and transformed civilization. Linking prehistoric archaeological remains with the development of language, David Anthony identifies the prehistoric peoples of central Eurasia's steppe grasslands as the original speakers of Proto-Indo-European, and shows how their innovative use of the ox wagon, horseback riding, and the warrior's chariot turned the Eurasian steppes into a thriving transcontinental corridor of communication, commerce, and cultural exchange. He explains how they spread their traditions and gave rise to important advances in copper mining, warfare, and patron-client political institutions, thereby ushering in an era of vibrant social change. Anthony also describes his fascinating discovery of how the wear from bits on ancient horse teeth reveals the origins of horseback riding. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language solves a puzzle that has vexed scholars for two centuries--the source of the Indo-European languages and English--and recovers a magnificent and influential civilization from the past.