The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century: The American

301 Pages·2002·16.56 MB·English

THE HOME FRONT AND WAR IN THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Proceedings of the
Tenth Military History Symposium
October 20-22. 1982
Edited by
James Titus
United States Air Force Acdemy
and
Office of Air Force History
Headquarters USAF
1984
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Military History Symposium (U.S.) (10th : 1982)
(United States Air Force Academy)
The home front and war in the twentieth century
Sponsored by: The Department of History and The Association of Graduates.
Includes index.
1. Military history, Modem-20th century-Congresses. 2. War and society-History-20th
century4ongresses. 3 . War--Economic aspects-Congresses. 4. War-Economic aspects-United
States4ongresses. 5 . United States-Social conditions-Congresses. I. Titus, James. 11. United
States Air Force Academy. Dept. of History. 111. United States Air Force Academy. Assocation of
Graduates. IV. Title.
D431.M54 1982 303.6'6 83-600203
ISBN 0-912799-01-3
For sale by Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402
11
THE TENTH MILITARY HISTORY SYMPOSIUM
October 20-22, 1982
United States Air Force Academy
Sponsored by
The Department of History
and
The Association of Graduates
* * * * * * *
Executive Director,
Tenth Military History Symposium: Lieutenant Colonel James Titus
Deputy Director,
Tenth Military History Symposium: Major Sidney F. Baker, USA
Professor and Head,
Department of History: Colonel Carl W. Reddel
President,
Association of Graduates: Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Eller,
USAF. Retired
Symposium Committee Members:
Captain John G . Albert
Captain Mark L. Dues
Captain Bernard E. Harvey
Captain Vernon K. Lane
Captain Robert C. Owen
Captain Michael W. Paul
Captain Christie C. Peacock
Ms. Nellie Dykes
...
111
United States Air Force
Historical Advisory Committee
(As of December 1, 1983)
Lt. Gen. Charles G. Cleveland, USAF Dr. Alfred F. Hurley
Commander, Air University, ATC Brig. Gen., USAF, Retired
North Texas State University
Mr. DeWitt S. Cispp
The National Volunteer Agency Mr. David E. Place,
The General Counsel, USAF
Dr. Philip A. Crow1
Annapolis, Maryland Gen. Bryce Poe 11,
USAF. Retired
Dr. Warren W. Hassler, Jr.
Pennsylvania State University Lt. Gen. Winfield W. Scott, Jr.
Superintendent, USAF Academy
Brig. Gen. Harris B. Hull,
USAF, Retired Dr. David A. Shannon (Chairman)
National Aeronautics and Space University of Virginia
Administration
iv
CONTENTS
Page
In Memoriam: Major Donald R. Backlund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
...
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X l l l
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
James Titus
TWENTY-FIFTH HARMON MEMORIAL LECTURE IN MILITARY
HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“United Against: American Culture and Society During World War 11”
John Morton Blum
S E S S I O N I:
THE QUEST FOR NATIONAL UNITY IN THE GREAT WAR 17
Chairman: David F. Trask
Introductory Remarks by the Chairman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
“For King and Kaiser: British and German Mobilization in World War I” 24
Dennis E . Showalter
“Rallying Americans for War: 191 7- 191 8” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
David M . Kennedy
“The Collapse of the Central Powers in World War I:
The Case of Austria-Hungary” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Gunther E . Rothenberg
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Allan M . Winkler
Discussion and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
David F. Trask (Moderator)
V
S E S S I O N 11:
THE SINEWS OF WAR:
ECONOMIC MOBILIZATION IN WORLD WAR I1 . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chairman: Russell F. Weigley
Introductory Remarks by the Chairman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
“Some Aspects of German Mobilization Under the National Socialist
Regime” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Wilhelm Deist
“Warfare and Power Relations in America:
Mobilizing the World War I1 Economy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Paul A . C . Koistinen
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Robert D . Cuff
Discussion and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Russell F. Weigley (Moderator)
BANQUET ADDRESS , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
“Hollywood Goes to War” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
David H . Culbert
S E S S I O N 111:
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TOTAL WAR . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chairman: Richard H . Kohn
Introductory Remarks by the Chairman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
“Total War and Social Change in Great Britain and Other European
Countries” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Arthur Marwick
“American Blaclks in World War 11:
Rethinking the Militancy-Watershed Hypothesis” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Harvard Sitkofs
“War is Not Healthy for Children and Other Living Things:
Reflections on the Impact of Total War on Women” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Leila J . Rupp
vi
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Richard Polenberg
Discussion and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Richard H . Kohn (Moderator)
S E S S I O N I V :
LIMITED WAR AND THE PROBLEM OF HEARTS AND MINDS ON
THE HOME FRONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Chairman: Allan R . Millet
Introductory Remarks by the Chairman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
‘‘Keeping Algeria French: The War on the Home Front” . . . . . . . . . . 187
John E. Talbott
“A Comment on the Vietnam Crisis in America: Tet 1968” . . . . . . . . 197
Peter Braestrup
Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
David Maclsaac
Discussion and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Allan R . Millett (Moderator)
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Carl W. Reddel
“Beyond the Battlefield” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Edward M .C ofSman
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
vii
AVAILABLE MILITARY HISTORY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS
1st The proceedings of the first symposium were not published
2nd Command and Commanders in Modern Warfare (2nd ed, 1971)
Stock Number 0874-0003
3rd Science, Technology, and Wa$are (1971)
Stock Number 0874-0002 (out of print)
4th Soldiers and Statesmen (1973)
Stock Number 0870-00335
5th The Military and Society (1975)
Stock Number 008-070-00367-8
6th The Military History of the American Revolution (1976)
Stock Number 008-070-106109
7th The American Military on the Frontier (1978)
Stock Number 008-070-00432-2
8th Air Power and Warjiare (1979)
Stock Number 008-070-00441-1
9th The American Military and the Far East (1980)
Stock Number 008-070-00474-7
...
V l l l
THE HOME FRONT AND WAR IN THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY:
THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors
and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the
Air Force, the U.S. Air Force Academy, or the institutions with which the
contributors are affiliated.