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The History of Vision, Colour, & Light Theories PDF

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The History of Vision, Colour, & Light Theories The History of Vision, Colour, & Light Theories Introductions, Texts, Problems Gábor Á. Zemplén Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Educational materials 5 Copyright ⃝c 2005 Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, Editor: Gerd Graßhoff, Bern Co-editors: Timm Lampert, Bern; Kärin Nickelsen, Bern Gábor À. Zemplén: The History of Vision, Colour, & Light Theories – Introductions, Texts, Problems / Gábor Á. Zemplén – Bern, 2005. ISBN 3-9522882-4-1 Contents I Introduction 13 1 The Aim of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Choice of Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4 Preliminaries to the First Part of the Book . . . . . . . . . 15 5 Preliminaries to the Second Part of the Book . . . . . . . 18 A Beginnings 21 II Presocratic Theories and Their Critique 23 1 The Presocratics: A Short Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 Heraclitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 The Parmenidian Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4 Empedocles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 Anaxagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6 The Critique of Theophrastus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 7 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7.1 Text 1: Heraclitus of Ephesus . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7.2 Text 2: Parmenides of Elea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 7.3 Text 3: Empedocles of Acragas . . . . . . . . . . . 31 7.4 Text 4: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae . . . . . . . . . . 34 7.5 Text 5: Theophrastus on Empedocles . . . . . . . . 36 7.6 Text 6: Theophrastus on Anaxagoras . . . . . . . . . 39 8 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 9 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 III Plato 43 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2 The Timaeus and Plato’s Writings on Vision, Colour, and Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 Greek Colour Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4 The Pythagorean Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.1 Text 1: Timaeus 45a-46c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.2 Text 2: Timaeus 67c-68d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 6 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 IV Aristotle and the Aristotelian corpus 59 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2 Atmospheric Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3 On the Soul and the Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.1 On the Soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2 Alexander of Aphrodisias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.3 On the Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4 On Coloured Bodies: De Coloribus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.1 Text 1: Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 5.2 Text 2: On the Soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Book II Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Book II Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Book II Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.3 Text 3: Sense and Sensibilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Book I Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Book I Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Book I Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.4 Text 4: On colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 V Atomist Theories, Epicureanism, Lucretius 101 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2 Early Greek Atomism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3 Epicurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4 Lucretius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.1 The Poem De Rerum Natura . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.1 Text 1: Democritus on Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.2 Text 2: Epicurus: Principal Doctrines . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3 Text 3: Lucretius: De Rerum Natura IV. . . . . . . . . 112 6 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 VI The Mathematical Tradition 115 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2 The Beginnings of Mathematical Optics . . . . . . . . . . 116 3 Euclid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4 Hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5 Ptolemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.1 The Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.1 Text 1: Euclid’s Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Proposition I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Proposition II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Proposition III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Proposition IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Proposition V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Proposition VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Proposition VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Proposition XLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Proposition XLVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.2 Text 2: Hero’s Catoptrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.3 Text 3: Ptolemy’s Optics, Book II, Introduction . . . . 133 6.4 Text 4: Ptolemy’s Optics, Book II, Illusions . . . . . . 143 6.5 Text 5: Ptolemy’s Optics, Book V, Refraction . . . . . 160 7 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 B Theories & Problems 169 VII The Rainbow 171 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2 The Aristotelian Rainbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 3 Grosseteste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4 Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.1 Views on Scientific Theories and on Experimentation 179 4.2 The Theory of the Rainbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 5 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.1 Text 1: Robert Grosseteste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.2 Text 2: René Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 6 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 7 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 VIII The Modificationist Tradition 203 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2 The Beginnings of the Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 3 The Historical Development of the Theories . . . . . . . 204 4 Seventeenth Century Modificationism . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.1 Hooke’s Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5 Anti-Newtonian Modificationism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 5.1 Goethe’s Work on Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5.2 The Theory of Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 5.3 The Dioptric Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 6 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6.1 Text 1: Hooke’s Micrographia, Observation IX . . . . . 216 6.2 Text 2: Goethe’s Farbenlehre . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 IX. Dioptric Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 X. Dioptric Colors Of The First Class . . . . . . 242 XI. Dioptric Colors Of The Second Class (Refrac- tion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 XII. Refraction Without The Appearance Of Color 249 XIII. Conditions For The Appearance Of Color . 249 XIV. Conditions Under Which The Appearance Of Color Increases . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 XV. Source Of The Foregoing Phenomena . . . . 253 XVI. Decrease In The Appearance Of Color . . . 256 7 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 8 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 9 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 IX Newton’s 1672 “New Theory” 263 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 2 The Close Reading of the Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 2.1 Preliminary Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 The Opening Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 The First Modificationist Theories . . . . . . . . 266 The First Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 The Received Laws of Refraction . . . . . . . . . 270 2.2 The experimentum crucis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 2.3 Glass-works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 The Magnitude of Chromatic Aberration . . . . . 273 Reflecting Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 2.4 The Origin of Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 The Mathematical Science of Colours . . . . . . . 276 The First Three Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Primary and Compound Colours . . . . . . . . . 279 Whiteness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Colour Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 2.6 The Last Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 3 Further problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 4 Further readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 X The Moon Illusion 291 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 2 Main Types of the Explanations of the Illusion . . . . . . 292 2.1 Classical Science and the Illusion: Ptolemy and the Ar- istotelian Vapour Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 2.2 Psychological Explanations in the Middle Ages: Alhazen 293 2.3 Natural Geometry or Contingent Cues . . . . . . . . 294 2.4 Further-larger-nearer Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 3 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 3.1 Text 1: Ptolemy’s Almagest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 3.2 Text 2: Samuel Dunn, 1762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 3.3 Text 3: Ptolemy’s Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 3.4 Text 4: Alhazen’s Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 3.5 Text 5: Descartes on Natural Geometry . . . . . . . 308 3.6 Text 6: Berkeley on the Illusion . . . . . . . . . . . 310 3.7 Text 7: Kaufman and Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 4 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 5 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 6 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 XI Molyneux’s Problem: A Congenitally Blind Recovering the Faculty of Sight 339 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 2 The question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 3 Answers to a Hypothetical Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 4 The (Ir)relevance of Empirical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 4.1 The First Publication: Cheselden . . . . . . . . . . . 342 4.2 Testing Object Recognition: Home . . . . . . . . . . 343 4.3 A Sphere and a Cube: Franz . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5 Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5.1 Text 1: William Molyneux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 5.2 Text 2: John Locke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 5.3 Text 3: George Berkeley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 5.4 Text 4: Thomas Reid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 5.5 Text 5: Edward Synge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 5.6 Text 6: William Cheselden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 5.7 Text 7: Everard Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 5.8 Text 8: John Charles August Franz . . . . . . . . . . 360 6 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 7 Further Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 8 Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

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