The History of the University of Oxford

1081 Pages·17.221 MB·English

by  M. G. Brock, M. C. Curthoys

page i
THE HISTORY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
VOLUME VII
page ii
page iii
THE HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
VOLUME VII
Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2
EDITEDBY
M. G. BROCK AND M. C. CURTHOYS
clarendon press (cid:1) oxford
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page v
Preface
As was explained in the Preface to Nineteenth-Century Oxford,Part 1, the
two volumes on the years from 1800 to 1914 are not entirely separate from
each other. Each part is independently indexed and stands largely by itself;
but, while most of the chapters in Part 2 begin where the main narrative of
Part 1 ends, namely at or near the passing of the University Tests Act of
1871, a few do not observe this dividing line. Chapter 26 on the University
Press,andChapter30onOxfordArchitecture,spanthewholeperiod,while
Chapter19onMathematicstakestheaccountfrom1827to1900.Similarlyin
Part1Chapters11to14and18to21wentto1914,andChapter17to1902.
Inallthesecasesadivisionwouldhavetruncatedsomethemesandentailed
duplication.TheListofContentsforPart1willbefoundonpp.877–8.
As in Part 1, the footnotes and Index have been arranged in the hope of
helping readers to obtain any further information which they may need.
The number of people named in this volume (about 1, 700) is too large to
allow the provision of biographical footnotes. An alternative method of
identification has been adopted, namely, giving dates of birth and death in
the Index for most of those mentioned in the text. References in footnotes
cannottaketheplaceofabibliography,ifonlybecausetheymaynotmention
the secondary work which led the contributor to the primary source cited.
The Bibliography of Printed Works relating to the University of Oxford
(1968),byE.H.CordeauxandD.H.Merry,istheessentialpointofdeparture
foranyoneworking inthis area. Ithas beensupplemented, forpublications
from1977to1981,bythebookletsentitledHistoryofEuropeanUniversities:
Work in Progress, and thereafter by the ‘Continuing Bibliographies’ in the
journal History of Universities from volume vii (1988) onwards. The full
title of a work is cited for the first mention in a chapter unless it is in the
Abbreviationslist:whereplaceofpublicationisomitteditisLondon,Oxford,
orCambridge.TheUniversityhasacapitalletterwhereOxfordUniversityis
indicated,butnotwherethewordisusedasagenericterm.
The plates have been arranged in a single block to give a compact visual
survey of some of the major themes and personalities in the volume. An
extended account of the illustrations is offered in the commentary at the
front of thebook.
As the expressions of thanks scattered throughout the volume show,
contributorsandeditorshavemetwithinvariableco-operationandgoodwill
throughout the University and indeed beyond it. They tender their most
grateful thanks for all that help. This volume, like its predecessors in the
vi preface
series, was made possible by generous funding from the University, the
colleges, the University’s higher studies and Hulme surplus funds, and the
Nuffield Foundation. Its editors owe much to Lord Bullock, and to his
successors as chairmen of the controlling committee, Sir Anthony Kenny
and Sir Keith Thomas. They received wise early advice from Trevor Aston,
general editor of this series until his tragically early death in 1985, and
admirable administrative support from Ralph Evans until the project office
closed.Theyrecordwithgratitudetheimportanceofthematerialproduced
by Mary Heimann during several months of research. This volume has
benefited from Brian Harrison’s work on twentieth-century Oxford, and
his help at various stages is gratefully acknowledged. The late Colin Mat-
thew was a constant source of support and inspiration. Both editors owe
particularthankstoinstitutionsinwhichoneorotherwasemployedduring
some of their time as editors—to Christ Church, to the New Dictionary of
NationalBiography,totheUniversityofExeter,toNuffieldCollege,andto
the Collegeof StGeorge,Windsor.
The editors also record their gratitude to those people who, in adminis-
teringfacilitiesandresources,wentbeyondthecallofdutyinmakingthem
available—to the library staffs in the Bodleian, the Centre for Oxfordshire
Studies, Christ Church, Nuffield College, and the Oxford Union Society;
and, in archives and libraries where it is not invidious to name a particular
individual, to Pauline Adams (Somerville), Sarah Bendall (Merton), Eliza-
bethBoardman(Brasenose,Oriel,andStHilda’s),CarolineBrown(Rhodes
Trust); Christine Butler (Corpus Christi), Julie Courtenay (Lady Margaret
Hall), Judith Curthoys (Christ Church), Caroline Dalton (New College),
Robin Darwall-Smith (Magdalen and University), Father Davidge and
FatherGroves(PuseyHouse),PeterFoden(OxfordUniversityPress),Sister
Carolyn Green (The Cherwell Centre, Norham Gardens), Clare Hopkins
(Trinity), David Horsfield (Ruskin College), Jill Hughes (Taylorian), John
Jones(Balliol),ElaineKaye(Mansfield),JohnKaye(Queen’s),JohnMaddi-
cott (Exeter), Martin Maw (Oxford University Press), Fiona Pidduck (Lin-
coln), Margaret Sarosi (Harris-Manchester), Tony Simcock (Museum ofthe
HistoryofScience),RobertaStaples(LadyMargaretHall),DavidSmith(St
Anne’s), Lorise Topliffe (Exeter), Naomi van Loo (Pembroke), and Nick
Watts (Physiology Laboratory); to Ruth Vyse, Margaret Macdonald, and
Simon Bailey, successively University Archivists; to Philip Moss, who gave
everyfacilityintheUniversityOffices;toClivePayneandMartinRangeof
the Social Studies Faculty Computing Centre, whose computing expertise
wasexceededonlybytheirpatiencewiththeinexpert;andtoSavileBradbury
(Department of Human Anatomy), Lady Colvin, David Brock, Stephen
Harrison (Corpus Christi), Roger Hutchins (Magdalen), Chantal Knowles
(Pitt Rivers Museum), John Sanders (Clarendon Laboratory), Ian Scargill
(School of Geography), and Oliver Westall (University of Lancaster), who
preface vii
helped in locating or identifying material. They are grateful, for permission
tousecopyrightmaterialhithertounpublished,totheLiteraryExecutorsof
the late Lord Bonham Carter (H. H. Asquith MSS) and Mrs Priscilla
Hodgson (Margot Asquith diaries). They express their thanks to all those
who worked with great efficiency on the production of this volume, and
especiallytoCathyBrocklehurst,JudyGodley,PamHopes,MargaretHunt,
BeverlyPotts,andMarionRogers;andtoIvonAsquithandAnneGellingof
Oxford University Press. It is impossible to be sure that the acknowledge-
ments here and throughout the volume are complete: to anyone omitted an
apology is tendered. Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2 owes much to
many helpers; its faults do not lie withthem.
Wewouldliketothankallthecontributorsfortheirunfailingpatienceand
co-operation.JohnSimmonsgenerouslyundertookthetaskoflookingover
the entire volume at proof stage. As in Part 1 we are deeply indebted to
Eleanor Brock for compiling the Index (with the expert and unstinted help
of Mark Pottle); the services of an indexer who is always available to be
consulted are hard to overvalue, and have saved the volume from many
errors and inconsistencies. Our more general gratitude for our wives’ help
and forbearance goes far beyond what can be expressedhere.
The University depicted in this volume may look modern at first glance.
Bytheearly1880sithadshakenoffitsearlierdependenceontheChurchof
England,andthosewhostaffedithadconcerns,suchasachievingabalance
betweenteachingandresearch,whicharestillrecurrentandlikelytoremain
so; but this does not mean that their Oxford resembled today’s in either
opportunitiesorconstraints.Theirindependenceofgovernmentaldecisions
mayseemenviable;buttheirpresent-daysuccessorsmightnot,forinstance,
relishfacing,astheydid,acontinualshortageofwell-qualifiedapplicantsfor
many of the undergraduate places available. Some of the problems of their
day were almost insoluble and their efforts to grapple with these deserve
respect.
Oxford, February 2000 MichaelBrockandMarkCurthoys
page viii
page ix
Contents
Plates: list and commentary xiii
List offigures xl
List oftables xli
List ofabbreviations xliii
List ofcontributors liii
List ofChancellors and Vice-Chancellors lv
‘A Secularized University’?
1 A‘plastic structure’ M. G.Brock 3
2 From theClevelandCommission tothe
statutesof 1882 Christopher Harvie 67
3 Religious issues, 1870–1914 Peter Hinchliff 97
ANew Collegiate Pattern
4 The colleges inthenewera M. C.Curthoys 115
5 ‘Balliol, forexample’ John Prest 159
6 ‘Trainingin simple and religioushabits’:
Keble and itsfirst Warden Geoffrey Rowell 171
7 ‘A Scotch University added toOxford’?
The Non-Collegiate Students Alan Bullock 193
8 All Souls J. S.G. Simmons 209
9 Christ Church J. F.A. Mason 221
Note.The ChristChurchCommon Room
under Dodgson, 1883–1892 Morton N.Cohen 232
10 ‘InOxford but...not of Oxford’:
thewomen’scolleges Janet Howarth 237
Teaching and Scholarship
11 The zenith of Greats W. H.Walsh 311
x contents
12 Classical Studies, 1872–1914 Richard Jenkyns 327
13 AncientHistory,1872–1914 Oswyn Murray 333
14 ModernHistory Reba N.Soffer 361
15 Jurisprudence BarryNicholas 385
16 English D. J. Palmer 397
17 ModernLanguages and Linguistics Rebecca Posner 413
18 Music S. L. F. Wollenberg 429
19 Mathematics K. C.Hannabuss 443
20 ‘Oxfordfor Arts’: the Natural Sciences,
1880–1914 Janet Howarth 457
21 The PittRivers Collection William R. Chapman 499
Note A.The Medical School underOsler Charles Webster 504
Note B. The Ruskin School PhilipMorsberger 508
Note C.The patternof examinations, 1914 M. C.Curthoys 512
‘The Muddied Oafs at The Goals’?
22 University and college sport H. S. Jones 517
23 Oxford and schooling J. R.de S. Honey
and M. C.Curthoys 545
24 Origins and destinations: the social M. C.Curthoys
mobility ofOxford men and women and Janet Howarth 571
‘Oxford...Reforming itself’
25 The self-governing University,1882–1914 Janet Howarth 599
26 The Oxford University Press Peter Sutcliffe 645
The University Reaches Outwards
27 ‘Extension’ in allits forms Anne Ockwell
and Harold Pollins 661
28 Oxford and theEmpire Richard Symonds 689
29 The Rhodes scholars E. T. Williams 717