The History of the Study of Landforms or the Development of Geomorphology: Historical and Regional Geomorphology 1890-1950 (History of the Study of Landforms) PDF
Preview The History of the Study of Landforms or the Development of Geomorphology: Historical and Regional Geomorphology 1890-1950 (History of the Study of Landforms)
THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF LANDFORMS OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY VOLUME THREE Frontispiece: A LANDSAT image of the archetypal region of the Middle Appalachians (see Figure 7.1), studies of the denudation chronology of which provided one of the most potent influences in geomorphology during the first half of the twentieth century (Courtesy NASA). Key: AF—Allegheny Front; P—Potomac River; AP—Allegheny Plateau; PT—Piedmont Province; FA—Folded Appalachians; S—Susquehanna River; GV—Great Valley; SM—South Mt. (The northern tip of the Blue Ridge Province); J—Juniata River; SW—Susquehanna River (West Branch). THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF LANDFORMS OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY VOLUME 3: HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 1890–1950 ROBERT P.BECKINSALE AND RICHARD J.CHORLEY LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1991 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1991 Robert P.Beckinsale and Richard J.Chorley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The History of the Study of Landforms. or The Development of Geomorphology Vol. 3, Historical & regional geomorphology, 1890–1950. 1. Geomorphology history I. Beckinsale, R.P. (Robert Percy) II. Chorley, Richard J. (Richard John) 551.4109 ISBN 0–203–41197–8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–203–72021–0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–05626–8 (Print Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been applied for TO MONICA AND ROSEMARY Contents List of figures xi List of plates xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix PART I: GLOBAL INFLUENCES 1 Crustal Changes 3 Introduction 3 Isostasy 4 Geosynclines 8 Orogeny 9 Post-orogeny 16 Epeirogeny 18 Continental Drift 19 References 30 2 Climatic Changes 35 Palaeoclimatic Studies in the Later Nineteenth Century 35 Attempts at Chronological Estimates 43 Causes of Climatic Change 48 Descriptive Palaeoclimatology 56 References 61 3 Eustatic Changes 67 The Eustatic Theory 67 Eduard Suess 71 Eustatism and Twentieth-century Diastrophic Thought 77 Pliocene and Pleistocene Eustatism 80 The Coral Reef Problem 88 Conclusion 95 References 97 PART II: DAVISIAN INFLUENCES 4 The Davisian Cycle in the USA and Germany 105 The Conflicting Roles of Landform Studies 105 Contemporary Dissent from Davis’ Concepts in the USA 110 vii viii CONTENTS Davis and Germany 119 The Davisian Decline in the USA 126 References 129 5 The Davisian Cycle in France and Britain 134 Geomorphology and French National Security, 1870–90 135 The Introduction of Davis to French Scholars, 1890–1910 142 Davis’ French Heyday, 1910–39 145 The Davisian Decline in France After 1939 152 Davisian Influences in Britain, 1890–1950 157 References 161 6 Geomorphology Worldwide 167 Russia 167 Scandinavia 181 Eastern Europe 182 Southern Europe 187 Africa 188 Australasia 191 Elsewhere 197 References 198 PART III: HISTORICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 7 American Polycyclic Geomorphology 211 The Cyclic Interpretation of Erosion Surfaces 211 The Appalachians 214 The Davis Polycyclic Interpretation and its Aftermath 217 Johnson’s Synthesis 230 Non-cyclic Interpretations 235 The Western United States 239 References 247 8 Henri Baulig and Eustatic Planation 256 Le Plateau Central de la France 258 Baulig’s Cross-channel Excursion 269 Baulig’s Critics in France 278 Foreign Responses to Baulig’s Eustasy 280 References 282 9 The Subaerial-Marine Compositors 284 South-east England 285 Western and Northern Britain: Drainage Systems 299 Baselevels of Erosion 310 References 320 10 German Tectonic Geomorphology 327 Albrecht Penck 327 CONTENTS ix The Level of Mountain Summits 330 Walther Penck and the Puna de Atacama 336 The Southern Black Forest 348 Die morphologische Analyse 356 The Aftermath 364 References 372 PART IV: REGIONAL GEOMORPHOLOGY 11 Regional Classifications 379 Problems of Landform Classification 379 Encyclopaedic Classifications 380 Classification by Subdivision 393 Classification by Accretion 398 Drainage Basin Hierarchies 400 Practical Classifications 404 Complex Regionalization 408 References 415 12 Climatic Geomorphology 420 Introduction 420 Climate and Process 422 Early Morphoclimatic Classifications and the Düsseldorf Conference 426 The Development of Tropical Geomorphology 428 The Later Rationalization of Morphoclimatic Regions 435 Climatic Change and Morphogenetic Regions 447 References 456 INDEXES Subject and Place Index 465 Index of Persons 474
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