Table Of Content

The History of Texas The History of Texas sixth edition Robert A. Calvert Arnoldo De León Distinguished Professor of History Emeritus Angelo State University, Texas Gregg Cantrell Erma and Ralph Lowe Chair in Texas History Texas Christian University, Texas This edition first published 2020 © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (5e, 2014), Harlan Davidson, Inc. (1e, 1990; 2e, 1996, 3e, 2002, 4e, 2007) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Robert A. Calvert, Arnoldo De León, and Gregg Cantrell to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Calvert, Robert A., author. | De León, Arnoldo, 1945– author. | Cantrell, Gregg, 1958– author. Title: The history of Texas / Robert A. Calvert, Arnoldo De León, Gregg Cantrell. Description: Sixth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019053446 (print) | LCCN 2019053447 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119581437 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119581451 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119581444 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Texas–History. Classification: LCC F386 .C26 2020 (print) | LCC F386 (ebook) | DDC 976.4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053446 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053447 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: Between Abilene and Albany. Courtesy Randy Bacon, artist. www.randybacon.net. Set in 10/13pt MinionPro by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Maps vi Preface and Acknowledgments vii About the Companion Website ix Timeline x Chapter 1 Contact of Civilizations, 1521–1721 1 Chapter 2 Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera, 1721–1821 27 Chapter 3 Mexican Texas, 1821–1836 54 Chapter 4 Launching a Nation, 1836–1848 84 Chapter 5 Statehood, Secession, and Civil War, 1848–1865 118 Chapter 6 The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1876 149 Chapter 7 A Frontier Society in Transition, 1876–1886 188 Chapter 8 Texas in the Age of Agrarian Discontent, 1886–1900 220 Chapter 9 Texas in the Progressive Era, 1900–1929 244 Chapter 10 Texas and the Great Depression, 1929–1941 296 Chapter 11 War, Prosperity, and Modernization, 1941–1960 334 Chapter 12 Texas in Transition, 1960–1986 380 Chapter 13 A New Texas? 1986–2001 412 Chapter 14 Into the New Millennium, 2001–2018 445 Appendix 482 Index 486 Maps Figure 1.4 Early Spanish exploration. 14 Figure 2.1 Frontier Institutions in Texas. 29 Figure 2.4 Indian Tribes of Colonial Texas. 39 Figure 3.2 Empresario Contracts. 60 Figure 3.5 Ethnic Settlements, 1836. 68 Figure 3.7 The Battle of San Jacinto. 81 Figure 4.1 The Republic of Texas and boundary claims. 87 Figure 4.3 Towns of the Republic of Texas, 1836–1845. 104 Figure 5.1 Land Forms of Texas. 122 Figure 5.2 Ethnic settlements, 1850. 124 Figure 5.4 Military Posts. 129 Figure 6.9 West Texas forts and the Comanche Range, 1866 to 1880s. 173 Figure 6.13 Cattle Trails. 178 Figure 7.3 Major Texas Railroads to 1900. 196 Figure 8.3 Ethnic settlements 1880. 229 Figure 9.1 Oil fields of Texas and date of discovery 1894–1918. 246 Figure 9.17 “Wet and dry” counties of Texas 1911. 285 Figure 13.8 The Ogallala Aquifer, as Part of the High Plains Aquifer System. 439 Figure 14.4 Texas counties. 453 Figure 14.10 Texas today. 479 Preface and Acknowledgments The sixth edition of The History of Texas presents the fascinating story of the various p eoples who have inhabited the land we know as Texas. Readers of this book will gain an understanding of the forces of cause and effect that have shaped the disparate pasts of different groups within the state as well as the heritage shared by all Texans. They will also develop an appreciation for the dynamic interpretations that scholars give to historical movements and specific events. When initially published in 1990, the textbook was innovative in several ways. First, it took a social history approach, placing ordinary Texans at the center of the story, instead of the traditional “great man” approach. It thus became the first Texas history textbook con- sistently and systematically to include the histories of women, Tejanos, African Americans, and working‐class people. The book was also innovative in its chronological coverage. Texas history textbooks had traditionally emphasized the nineteenth century at the expense of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and particularly of the twentieth century. This Sixth Edition devotes two-thirds of its pages to the post‐Civil War era and nearly 50 percent to the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries. All peoples make history; we have continued to honor that tenet by incorporating the many cultures embraced by the Texas experience. The same principle also drove our effort to give due attention to the lives of ordinary Texans, as seen in the continued coverage of topics such as agriculture, industrialization, urbanization, economic disparity, migration patterns, and demographic change. Also included are the unsung subjects who contributed to the Texas saga, among them plain white folks, women, and the leaders and members of local labor, agricultural, and other grassroots organizations. Like its predecessors, this edition also pays attention to the history of folklore, music, literature, sports, religion, and other aspects of Texas culture that help determine the flavor of Texas, past and present. Believing that the history of Texas in recent times is as significant as that of past periods, we once again provide a comprehensive, unflinching analysis of Texas history in the more modern era. Since 1990, the authors have kept abreast of new scholarly literature, incorporating it into each new edition and keeping the book historiographically current and relevant. Here we continue this practice. We have amplified some parts of the text and streamlined others for clarity. Therefore, the sixth edition features expanded discussions on the era between 1821 and 1848, on hardships civilians experienced during the Civil War, on agricultural viii Preface and Acknowledgments reform in the early twentieth century, on women and minority groups, on the modern LGBTQ‐rights movement, and on recent environmental issues. At the same time, we cut statistics where we thought them repetitious or where we felt removing them would not harm the narrative. We also dropped passages when we considered them to overlap with information covered in American history survey classes. Our intent has always been to produce a highly readable work. Like the text, we have updated the lists of suggested readings that conclude each chapter. Space limitations permitted the mention of only a small number of titles that have informed our writing or that we think must come to the attention of serious students of the state’s past. Primary material also proved crucial to this endeavor, particularly in the final chapter, whose suggested reading list includes many of the online sources that provided information on contemporary Texas. Finally, and like its predecessor, the sixth edition offers students and instructors a dynamic website in support of the text, making The History of Texas ideal for traditional as well as online courses. Over the course of six editions and nearly three decades, we have accumulated more debts than we can acknowledge here. Our greatest thanks, of course, must go to the late Robert A. “Bob” Calvert, a devoted scholar, writer, and teacher who conceptualized this book in the 1980s and contributed directly to the first two editions. Over the course of his long career, Bob influenced thousands of students of Texas history, a subject to which he was ever devoted. Other scholars who have contributed in varied and important ways include Paul D. Lack, Larry D. Hill, Fane Downs, Charles Martin, Alwyn Barr, William Childs, Jesús F. de la Teja, Walter L. Buenger, Robert Wooster, David La Vere, Randolph B. Campbell, Charldean Newell, Bernard Weinstein, James E. Crisp, Ty Cashion, George N. Green, Carl H. Moneyhon, James Smallwood, Patrick G. Williams, H. Sophie Burton, F. Todd Smith, Paul J. Sugg, Neil Carman, Karen Hadden, Barbara J. Rozek, Paul Carlson, Richard Bruce Winders, and the late Malcolm D. McLean, Dorothy DeMoss, Ben Procter, Barry A. Crouch, Stanley Siegel, Norman D. Brown, and Robert Weddle. In preparing the sixth edition, we gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Andrew J. Torget, Walter L. Buenger, and Paul J. Sugg. We also owe a special debt of gratitude to our friend and editor for the first five editions, Andrew Davidson, who has continued his long tradition of help and support, even though he has now moved on to other enterprises. It is safe to say that this book would not exist without him. Arnoldo De León San Angelo Gregg Cantrell Fort Worth