The History of Southern Africa (The Britannica Guide to Africa)

240 Pages·2011·5.39 MB·English

by  Amy McKenna (editor)

Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing
(a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC
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First Edition
Britannica Educational Publishing
Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor
J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager
Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control
Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies
Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor
Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor
Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition
Amy McKenna: Senior Editor, Geography and History
Rosen Educational Services
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Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager
Nicole Russo: Designer
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Introduction by Andrew Barbour
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The history of southern Africa / edited by Amy McKenna.—1st ed.
p. cm.—(The Britannica guide to Africa)
“In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN (cid:379)(cid:377)(cid:378)(cid:413)(cid:371)(cid:413)(cid:376)(cid:371)(cid:375)(cid:373)(cid:370)(cid:413)(cid:373)(cid:379)(cid:378)(cid:413)(cid:374) (cid:580)(cid:423)(cid:32)(cid:2)(cid:42)(cid:42)(cid:38)(cid:424)
1. Africa, Southern--History. I. McKenna, Amy, 1969
DT1079.H57 2011
968—dc22
2010019433
On the cover: Xhosa boys prepare for a traditional manhood ceremony in South Africa.
Per-Anders Pettersson/Reportage/Getty Images
On pages 1, 15, 49, 72, 82, 91, 101, 110, 120, 132, 180, 186, 198: A tree towers over the spot
where, as legend has it, missionary and explorer David Livingstone’s heart is buried. Hulton
Archive/Getty Images
4
CONTENTS
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1: Early History 1
Early Humans and Stone Age Society 3
The Khoisan 5
San 6
The Khoekhoe Today 8
The Spread of Bantu Languages 8
Food Production 9
The Rise of More Complex States 11
Toutswe 11
Veld 12
Swahili Culture 12
19
Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe 13
Torwa, Mutapa, and Rozwi 13
Small-Scale Societies 14
Chapter 2: European and African
Interaction 15
The Portuguese in West-Central and
Southwestern Africa 15
The Imbangala 17
The Chokwe 17
The Ovimbundu 18
The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa 18
The Zambezi Valley 19
Other Southeastern African States 20
Maravi Confederacy 21
The Declining Power of the Portuguese 21
The Dutch at the Cape 22
First Khoekhoe-Dutch Contact 22
Boer Expansion 23 29
Slavery at the Cape 23
Khoisan Resistance to the Dutch 24
Xhosa-Dutch Conflict 25
“Legitimate” Trade and the Persistence
of Slavery 26
The Continuation of the Slave Trade 26
Effects of the Slave Trade 27
The “Time of Turmoil” 28
Shaka and the Creation of the Zulu 29
Zulu 30
40
Increasing Violence in Other Parts
of Southern Africa 31
British Development of the Cape Colony 32
Changes in the Status of Africans 33
Continuing Settler-Xhosa Wars 34
Growth of Missionary Activity 35
The Expansion of White Settlement 36
The Republic of Natalia and the British
Colony of Natal 36
Battle of Blood River 37
Voortrekker Republics in the Interior 37
The Orange Free State and Basutoland 38
Minerals and the Scramble for Southern Africa 39
50
The Diamond Industry 40
The Discovery of Gold 41
Cecil Rhodes 42
The Annexation of Southern Africa 43
Portugal in Southern Africa 45
Germans in South West Africa 47
Chapter 3: Southern Africa from 1899
Through Decolonization 49
The South African War 49
The Nature of Colonial Rule 51
The Changing Labour Market 52
Changes for Afrikaners 53
Growth of Racism 53
Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland 54
Police Zone 55
Ovamboland 55
Southern Rhodesia 56
Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia 56 57
Settlers in Mozambique and Angola 57
Class and Ethnic Tensions Among
White Settlers 58
Land, Labour, and Taxation 59
White Agriculture and African Reserves 59
The Invention of Tribalism 61
Labour and the Mining Industry 62
The Impact of Migrant Labour 63
Urbanization and Manufacturing 64
The African Response 65
62
Royal Family Politics 65
Political Organizations and Trade Unions 66
Christianity and African Popular Religion 67
The Impact of World War II 68
Independence and Decolonization in
Southern Africa 70
Chapter 4: Angola 72
Early Angola 72
The Kongo Kingdom and the Coming of the
Portuguese 73
Colonial Transition (1820s–1910) 73
Lunda Empire 74
69
From Colonial Conquest to Independence
(1910–75) 76
Independence and Civil War 77
Agostinho Neto 78
Angola in the 21st Century 81
Chapter 5: Botswana 82
Early Pastoral and Farming Peoples 82
Khoisan-Speaking Hunters and Herders 82
Bantu-Speaking Farmers 82
Iron Age States and Chiefdoms 83
Eastern States and Chiefdoms 83
Western Chiefdoms 84
Rise of Tswanadom 84
Growth of Tswana States 84
Times of War 84
Tswana 85
Prosperous Trading States 86
British Protectorate 86 87
Sir Seretse Khama 87
Advance to Independence 88
Botswana Since Independence 89
Chapter 6: Lesotho 91
Early History 91
The Sotho Kingdom (1824–69) 91
Moshoeshoe 93
Basutoland 95
The Gun War 96
103
The Kingdom of Lesotho 97
The First Two Decades 97
Political Crisis 98
Challenges in the 21st Century 100
Chapter 7: Malawi 101
Early History 101
Colonial Rule 104
Postindependence Malawi 104
Hastings Kamuzu Banda 105
The Banda Regime (1963–94) 106
Malawi Since 1994 107
108
Chapter 8: Mozambique 110
Precolonial Period 110
Early Settlement 110
The Rise of the Zimbabwe Civilizations 111
Arrival of the Portuguese 112
Slaves and Trade 113
Colonial Mozambique 114
Consolidation of Portuguese Control 114
Mozambique Under the New State Regime 115
Samora Machel 116
Independence 117
Mozambique as a One-Party State 117
Peace in Mozambique 118
Chapter 9: Namibia 120
Early History and the Beginning of the
Colonial Era 120
Basters 122
The German Conquest 122 111
The South African Conquest 125
The Political Economy of a Colonial Boom 125
From Resistance to Liberation Struggle 126
The Road to Namibia 127
Sam Nujoma 128
Independence 129
Chapter 10: South Africa 132
Prehistory 132
The Early Stone Age 133
124
The Middle Stone Age 133
The Late Stone Age 134
Pastoralism and Early Agriculture 135
The Iron Age 136
Iron Age Sites 136
First Urban Centres 136
Europeans in South Africa 137
Settlement of the Cape Colony 137
Growth of the Colonial Economy 139
Increased European Presence (c. 1810–35) 140
British Occupation of the Cape 141
The Delagoa Bay Slave Trade 143
Emergence of the Eastern States 143
134
The Expansion of European Colonialism
(c. 1835–70) 144
The Great Trek 144
The British in Natal 145
Attempts at Boer Consolidation 146
The Cape Economy 146
Disputes in the North and East 148
The Zulu After Shaka 149
Cetshwayo 150
The Decline of the African States 151
Diamonds, Gold, and Imperialist Intervention
(1870–1902) 151
Diamonds and Confederation 152
Afrikaner and African Politics in the Cape 153
Gold Mining 154
The Road to War 154
The South African War (1899–1902) 155
Reconstruction, Union, and Segregation
(1902–29) 156 147
Milner and Reconstruction 157
Convention and Union 158
Black, Coloured, and Indian Political
Responses 159
Union and Disunity 159
African National Congress (ANC) 160
Afrikaner Rebellion and Nationalism 161
Segregation 162
The Pact Years (1924–33) 163
The Apartheid Years 164