The History of Mongolia

1153 Pages·2010·16.855 MB·English

by  David Sneath (ed)

THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA
VOLUME I

THE HISTORY
OF
MONGOLIA
VOLUME I
The Pre-Chinggisid Era
Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Empire
Edited by
DAVID SNEATH
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
and
CHRISTOPHER KAPLONSKI
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
THE HISTORY OF MONGOLIA
Edited by David Sneath and Christopher Kaplonski
First published 20 I 0 by
GLOBAL ORIENTAL LTD
POBox219
Folkestone
Ken t CT20 2 WP
UK
www.globalorienta1.co.uk
Edited matter and selection © Global Oriental Ltd 20 I 0
Individual owners retain copyright of their own material
ISBN 978-1-905246-36-6 [3-volume set]
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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A elP catalogue entry for this book is available
from the British Library
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenharn, Wiltshire
CONTENTS
VOLUME I
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
List of Maps xiii
PART 1: THE PRE-CHINGGISID ERA 1
Introduction David Sneath 3
1. Di Cosmo, N. (1994) ‘Ancient Inner Asian Nomads’ 10
2. Sima Qian (1993) ‘The Account of the Xiongnu’ 43
3. Golden, P.B. (2006) ‘The Türk Imperial Tradition in the
Pre-Chinggisid Era’ 68
4. Lattimore, O. (1963) ‘The Geography of Chingis Khan’ 96
PART 2: CHINGGIS KHAN AND THE MONGOL
EMPIRE 107
Introduction David Sneath 109
5. Excerpts from The Secret History of the Mongols 119
6. De Rachewiltz, I. (1973) ‘Some Remarks on the Ideological
Foundations of Chingis Khan’s Empire’ 165
7. Schurmann, H.F. (1956) ‘Mongol Tributary Practices of the
Thirteenth Century’ 174
8. De Rachewiltz, I. (1993) ‘Some Reflections on Cˇinggis Qan’s
Jˇasaγ’ 212
vi CONTENTS
9. Jackson, P. (1999) ‘From Ulus to Khanate: The Making of the
Mongol States, c. 1220–c. 1290’ 229
10. John of Plano Carpini (1980) Excerpts from The Mongol Mission
(Dawson ed.) 249
11. William of Rubruck (1980) Excerpts from The Mission to Asia
(Dawson ed.) 256
12. Allsen, T. (1986) ‘Guard and Government in the Reign of the
Grand Qan Möngke’, 1251–59 297
13. Jackson, P. (1978) ‘The Dissolution of the Mongol Empire’ 315
14. Dardess, J. W. (1972–3) ‘From Mongol Empire to Yüan Dynasty:
Changing Forms of Imperial Rule in Mongolia and Central Asia’ 358
VOLUME II
PART 3: YUAN AND LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 391
Introduction David Sneath 393
15. Marco Polo (1958) ‘Kubilai Khan’ Excerpt from The Travels of
Marco Polo 401
16. Rossabi, M. (1988) ‘Mismanagement and the Chinese Response’
Excerpt from Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times 431
17. Farquhar, D. M. (1981) ‘Structure and Function in Yüan Imperial
Government’ 454
18. Endicott-West, E. (1986) ‘Imperial Governance in Yüan times’ 478
19. Jamsran, L. (2004) ‘The Crisis of the Forty and the Four’ 497
20. Gongor (1970) ‘The Twelve Tümen of the Aglag Khüree Khalkha
Mongols’ 508
21. Natsagdorj, Sh. and A. Ochir (2004) ‘Six Tümen’ 521
22. Elverskog, J. (2003). Excerpt from The Jewel Translucent Su¯tra:
Altan Khan and the Mongols in the Sixteenth Century 527
CONTENTS vii
23. Serruys, H. (1963) ‘Early Lamaism in Mongolia’ 538
24. Heissig, W. (1953) ‘A Mongolian Source to the Lamaist
Suppression of Shamanism in the 17th Century’ 569
25. Atwood, C. (2006) ‘Titles, Appanages, Marriages and Officials:
A Comparison of Political Forms in the Zünghar and Thirteenth-
century Mongol Empires’ 610
VOLUME III
PART 4: THE QING PERIOD 635
Introduction Christopher Kaplonski 637
26. Perdue, P.C. (1996) ‘Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and
Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia’ 647
27. Ichinnorov, S. (2005) ‘The Biography of Öndör Gegeen’ 674
28. Riasonovsky, V. (1965) ‘The Khalkha Djirum’ 683
29. Natsagdorj, Sh. (1967) ‘The Economic Basis of Feudalism in
Mongolia’ 692
30. Sanjdorj, M. (1980) ‘The Spread of Trade to the Countryside’ 705
31. Elverskog, J. (2004) ‘Things and the Qing: Mongol Culture in the
Visual Narrative’ 715
32. Bawden, C.R. (1967) ‘The Mongol Rebellion of 1756–1757’ 750
33. Tsedev, D. (1964) ‘The Social and Economic Situation of the
Shav’’ 771
34. Dashbadrakh, D. and J. Gerelbadrakh (2004) ‘The Economy of
the Monasteries’ 789
35. Pozdneyev, A.M. (1971) ‘Urga or Da Khüree’ 794
36. Rasidondug, S. and V. Veit (1975) ‘Document 23’ 825
viii CONTENTS
37. Ewing T.E. (1980) ‘Ch’ing Policies in Outer Mongolia 1900–
1911’ 838
PART 5: TWENTIETH-CENTURY MONGOLIA 849
Introduction Christopher Kaplonski 851
38. Bawden, C.R. (1997) Excerpt from Tales of an Old Lama 860
39. Larson, F.A. (1930) ‘The Lamas of Mongolia’ 878
40. Ossendowski, F. (1922) ‘Beasts, Men and Gods’ 889
41. Isono, F. (1979) ‘Soviet Russia and the Mongolian Revolution of
1921’ 910
42. Futaki, H. (2000) ‘A Re-examination of the Establishment of the
Mongolian People’s Party, Centring on Dogsom’s Memoir’ 930
43. Rupen, R.A. (1956) ‘The Buriat Intelligentsia’ 951
44. Diluv Khutagt (1982) Excerpts from The Autobiography of the
Diluv Khutagt 966
45. Baabar (1999) ‘The Great Purge’ 1001
46. Badamkhatan, S. (1981) Excerpt from The way of life of
co-operative herders 1012
47. Boldbaatar, J. (1999) ‘The Eight-hundredth Anniversary of
Chinggis Khan: The Revival and Suppression of Mongolian
NationalConsciousness’ 1019
48. Baabar (1990) ‘Büü Mart!’ 1028
49. Kaplonski, C. (2004) ‘Democracy Comes to Mongolia’ 1039
50. Humphrey, C. (1993) ‘Avgai Khad: Theft and Social Trust in
Post-Communist Mongolia’ 1060
51. Sneath, D. (2002) ‘Producer Groups and the Decollectivization of
the Mongolian Pastoral Economy’ 1067
PREFACE
I
n 2005 Paul Norbury, head of Global Oriental, suggested that we put together an
edited collection on the history of Mongolia. Although any anthology of this type is
inevitably limited, we have done our best to assemble a set of works in English that
readers might find helpful to have brought together in three volumes. Where we can, we
have tried to use journal articles since these might be otherwise less accessible to readers
than chapters from books explicitly devoted to Mongolian history.
These volumes are not intended to offer a single, integrated narrative history of
Mongolia. Rather we present a selection of papers that reflect contemporary historical
writings on the subject, arranged loosely in chronological order. No selection could, of
course, do justice to such a vast topic, but we have tried to include a range of studies on
Mongolian history, from classic articles to relatively little-known texts. For good or ill,
the emphasis here is on the history of rulers rather than subjects. We concentrate on
political, military and religious themes rather than social history; and this reflects, to
some degree, both the interests of historians and the nature of the available historical
texts.
The resulting collection will, we hope, appeal to those who wish to deepen their
knowledge of the subject by beginning to study the specialist literature, as well as
scholars of the region who may find it convenient to have a diverse set of materials
collected into three handy volumes. Many of the pieces included are detailed studies of
one or other aspect of a vast historical field. For those readers unfamiliar with the wider
frame of Mongolian history into which these pieces fit, we have tried to provide a very
brief overview of each of the historical epochs used as sections of this work, so as to
place the detailed studies in some sort of context.
Inevitably, a collection such as this is bound to have its shortcomings. We have not
been able to include as many translations as we would like, for example, and in some
cases have had to include relatively short pieces on an important epoch, event or person.
Despite its inevitable limitations, we hope the collection will serve as a useful anthology
for those, like ourselves, who wish to know more about the history of this fascinating
region.