THE HISTORY OF GREECE

652 Pages·1898·32.748 MB·English

by  ADOLF HOLM

THE
HISTOEY OF GKEECE
FROM
ITS COMMENCEMENT TO THE CLOSE OF
THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE
GEEEK NATION
BY
ADOLF HOLM
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
BY FEEDEEICK CLAEKE
FORMERLY TAYLORIAN SCHOLAR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
IN FOUR VOLUMES
VOL. IV
THE GRAECO-MACEDONIAN AGE, THE PERIOD OF THE KINGS AND
THE LEAGUES, FROM THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER DOWN
TO THE INCORPORATION OF THE LAST MACEDONIAN
MONARCHY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
iLottfcon
MACMILLAN AND
CO., LIMITED
NEWYORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1898
3.9
Allrightsreserved
.
4,4,11
DP
PEEFACE
THE attempt which I have made in the present volume to
describe for the first time the whole course of Greek life and
thought in Europe and beyond the Mediterranean, from the
death of Alexander down to the battle of Actium, is a direct
consequence of the inclusion\of}Alexander in the history of
Greece, which seemed to me necessary, and I believe that
Grote would have arrived at the same conclusion if he
had not already treated the great King, with whom he
was out of sympathy, reluctantly and almost against his
will. My decision not to end with the year 146, as I
originally intended, will be justified by the narrative. It is
precisely the larger compass, both in point of time and space,
thus given to my history which has enabled me, as I believe,
to approximate more closely to an important result, viz. a
proper estimate of the character of the Greek world in this
period and in particular of the civic life of the independent
cities. The relations between Rome and the Greeks also
seemed to me not to have been always correctly appreciated;
I have not been able to substantiate my own views on this
subject without combating those of distinguished scholars.
vi HISTORY OF GREECE
In other respects too a good deal that is new will be
found in this volume. The special attention which I have
devoted to Asia Minor is intended to meet the demands of
the present day. For chapters 25-27 Th. Reinach's narrative
has served me as a guide, his Mithridate Eupatw being one of
the few works on ancient history which fully come up to the
required standard, not only in scholarship but in descriptive
skill. On the other hand, I have endeavoured to reduce the
importanceofAlexandriatomoremodestdimensions. Finally,
I may point out that the self-government of the Greeks under
the supremacy of the Kings and theRomans, on which I have
laid stress, is a historical fact of some importance, and that
consequently the study of this section of ancient history may
be more profitable than some authorities of our day seem to
think.
There are many points which I have had to treat more
briefly than they deserved, but the period after Alexander
was not entitled to more space than that of the heyday of
Greece.
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER
I
.....
THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER DOWN TO THE DEATH OF
EUMENES (323-316 B.C.) 9
Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR CHAPS. I.-V. MODERN WORKS-.30
DESIGNATION OF THE WHOLE PERIOD
. .
CHAPTER
II
THE DIADOCHI DOWN TO THE DEATH OF SELEUCUS (316-280) . 39
Notes. INDEPENDENCE OF THE GREEKS THEIR MORAL
CONDITION DEMETRIUS OF PHALERUM THE MARCH
OF POLIORCETES INTO THE INTERIOR OF ASIA . . 57
CHAPTER
III
.67
THE LEADING FIGURES OF THE AGE
. . .
.83
Notes. MERCENARIES PIRATES . . .
CHAPTER IY
THE CELTIC INVASION THE CHARACTER OF ASIA MINOR AND
.90
ITS CONSEQUENT HISTORY . . .
Notes. THE ANTIGONIDS AND THE BARBARIANS 101
viii HISTORY OF GREECE
CHAPTER V
.......
PAGE
THE POLITICAL ASPECT OF THE GREEK WORLD ABOUT THE
YEAR 275 105
Notes. ORGANIZATION OF THE SYRIAN EMPIRE COINAGE
THE GREEK CITIES OF ASIA THE LAGIDAE GROUP OF
STATES 126
CHAPTER VI
.....
THE CULTURE OF THE GREEKS ATHENS PHILOSOPHY THE
.140
COMEDY
Notes. DEIFICATION OF HUMAN BEINGS THE NEW COMEDY
AND THE MORAL CONDITION OF ATHENS .157
. .
CHAPTER VII
...
AGATHOCLES . . . 164
.172
Notes. COINAGE
CHAPTER VIII
...
PYRRHUS IN ITALY AND SICILY 174
.182
Notes. COINAGE .
CHAPTER IX
THEEASTANDGREECEFROM 280-246B.C. HOSTILITIESBETWEEN
SYRIA AND EGYPT DEATH OF PYRRHUS ANTIGONUS
GONATAS THE CHREMONIDEAN WAR . . .184
Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 280-220 B.C.
MODERN WORKS EGYPT COINAGE THENAVAL BATTLE
OFF Cos VERDICT ON GONATAS . 201
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER X
PAGE
THEEASTANDGREECEPROM246-220 B.C. HOSTILITIESBETWEEN
SYRIA AND EGYPT THE LEAGUES ARATUS AGIS
CLEOMENES ANTIGONUS DOSON .211
. . .
Notes. PTOLEMYIII. INASIA CHARACTEROFARATUS . 240
CHAPTER XI
........
ROME AND T.HE GR.EEKS .DOWN.TO 220.B.C. .THE.FIRST.PUNIC
WAR 248
Note 252
CHAPTER XII
.......
THEGREEKWORLDABOUT 220 B.C. 1. THE WEST AND GREECE
PROPER 253
Notes. COINAGE, ESPECIALLY OF ITALY, SICILY AND SPARTA
ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUES 267
CHAPTER XIII
THE GREEK WORLD ABOUT 220 B.C. 2. THE EAST THE KING-
DOMS BITHYNIA PERGAMUM THE SELEUCID EMPIRE
: ; ;
AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR ASIA MINOR CAPPADOCIA
; ;
PONTUS; BACTRIA; PARTHIA GENERAL OBSERVATIONS . 274
Notes. ATTALIDS AND MERMNADS CITIES FOUNDED BY THE
SELEUCIDS IN ASIA MINOR THE PTOLEMIES . . 293
CHAPTER XIV
THE CULTURE OF THE GREEK WORLD BETWEEN 300 AND 220,
ESPECIALLY AT THE ROYAL COURTS ALEXANDRIA THE
MUSEUM POETRY THE POMP .303
. . .
Notes. ALEXANDRIA SARAPIS . . . .316
HISTORY OF GREECE
CHAPTER XV
PAGE
BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN PERIOD ANTIOCHUSAND PHILIP
THELEAGUEWAR THE SECOND PUNIC WAR SYRACUSE
PHILOPOEMEN (220-205 B.C.) . . . . 320
Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 220-146 B.C. 331
CHAPTER XVI
THE EAST G.REECE.ROM.E AND.PHIL.IP T.HE PR.OCLAM.ATION
OF T. QUINCTIUS IN 196 B.C. THE INTERVENTION OF
ROME 338
Notes. CHARACTER, OF PHILIP ROME AND HER ENEMIES . 350
CHAPTER XVII
THE ROMANS IN CONFLICT WITH ANTIOCHUS, THE AETOLIANS
AND THE GALATAE (192-189 B.C.) . . . .354
Notes. ROME, EGYPT AND SYRIA IN 197 B.C. COINAGE OF
ANTIOCHUS III. . 368
CHAPTER XVIII
ROME AND PERSEUS (189-168 B.C.) THE EAST ABOUT 169 B.C. ;
SYRIA, EGYPT, BITHYNIA, CAPPADOCIA, PONTUS, PER-
GAMUM AEMILIUS PAULLUS BATTLE OF PYDNA FATE
OF MACEDONIA ROME'S TREATMENT OF PERGAMUM AND
RHODES POPILLIUS LAENAS IN EGYPT . . .372
Nates. AENUS AND MARONEA SYRIA, ESPECIALLY ANTI-
OCHUS IV. AND HIS COINAGE THE POLICY OF
EUMENES . 397
CONTENTS xi
CHAPTER XIX
PAGE
THE DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH THE FATE OF GREECE THE
GREEKWORLD ABOUT 140 B.C. FROM A POLITICALSTAND-
POINT, ESPECIALLY IN THE EAST (168-146 B.C.) . . 405
Notes. POLITICAL CONDITION OF GREECE AFTER 146 B.C.
THE SOVEREIGNS OF SYRIA. ESPECIALLY FROM THEIR
COINAGE REACTION OF THE EAST AGAINST THE WEST 423
.
CHAPTER XX
GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. I. EGYPT-
ERUDITION CHARACTER OF ALEXANDRINE CULTURE AT
DIFFERENT PERIODS II. SYRIA ANTIOCH ANTIOCHUS
IV. THE JE.WS UN.DER .THE M.A;CCAB.EES .THE .CITIES
OF THE SYRIAN EMPIRE THE ASULIA SELEUCIA AD
TIGRIN 437
Notes. TOPOGRAPHY OF ANTIOCH THE ASULIA TENDENCY
OF TASTE IN ART FROM THE T.HIRD.TO T.HE .FIRST
CENTURY SERVICES RENDERED TO NATIVE ART BY THE
PTOLEMIES EGYPT AND SYRIA 451
CHAPTER XXI
GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. III. PER-
GAMUM TOPOGRAPHY ART SCIENCE 464
; ; . . .
Notes. COINAGE 'RAUMPOESIE' CITIES FOUNDED IN
PERGAMENE TERRITORY RHETORIC AND STYLE FROM
THE THIRD TO THE FIP.ST CENTURY B.C. . . . 474
CHAPTER XXII
....
GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. IV. RHODES-
POLICY, TRADE, RELIGION, ART 483
Notes 496
xii HISTORY OF GREECE
CHAPTER XXIII
PAGE
GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTUR.Y B.C.. V..ATH.ENS-
POLICY, EDUCATION, LITERATURE, ART DELOS TOPO-
....
GRAPHY, CONSTITUTION, TRADE 498
Notes. TIMAEUS OF TAUROMENIUM 511
CHAPTER XXIV
INFLUENCE O.F GRE.ECE O.N ROM.E PO.LYBIUS.ROM.AN LI.TERA-
TURE INFLUENCE .OF GR.EEK .PHILO.SOPHY.ON R.OMAN
LAW 514
Notes. POLYBIUS 524
CHAPTER XXV
ASIA THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMUM BECOMES ROMAN TERRI-
TORY RISE OF MlTHRIDATES EuPATOR OF PoNTUS
THE GREEKS OF THE CRIMEA (146-91 B.C.) . . 526
Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 146-63 B.C. . 538
CHAPTER XXVI
........
MlTHRIDATES AND SULLA (91-83 B.C.) . . . .541
Notes 554
CHAPTER XXVII
MlTHRIDATES AND TlGRANES AGAINST LuCULLUS AND POMPEY
DEATH OF MITHRIDATES END OF THE SELEUCID
EMPIRE (83-63 B.C.) . . . . . .557
Notes. EMPIRE AND GOVERNMENT OF MITHRIDATES COM-
MAGENE . 567