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652 Pages·1898·32.748 MB·English
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THE HISTOEY OF GKEECE FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT TO THE CLOSE OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE GEEEK NATION BY ADOLF HOLM TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY FEEDEEICK CLAEKE FORMERLY TAYLORIAN SCHOLAR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD IN FOUR VOLUMES VOL. IV THE GRAECO-MACEDONIAN AGE, THE PERIOD OF THE KINGS AND THE LEAGUES, FROM THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER DOWN TO THE INCORPORATION OF THE LAST MACEDONIAN MONARCHY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE iLottfcon MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEWYORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1898 3.9 Allrightsreserved . 4,4,11 DP PEEFACE THE attempt which I have made in the present volume to describe for the first time the whole course of Greek life and thought in Europe and beyond the Mediterranean, from the death of Alexander down to the battle of Actium, is a direct consequence of the inclusion\of}Alexander in the history of Greece, which seemed to me necessary, and I believe that Grote would have arrived at the same conclusion if he had not already treated the great King, with whom he was out of sympathy, reluctantly and almost against his will. My decision not to end with the year 146, as I originally intended, will be justified by the narrative. It is precisely the larger compass, both in point of time and space, thus given to my history which has enabled me, as I believe, to approximate more closely to an important result, viz. a proper estimate of the character of the Greek world in this period and in particular of the civic life of the independent cities. The relations between Rome and the Greeks also seemed to me not to have been always correctly appreciated; I have not been able to substantiate my own views on this subject without combating those of distinguished scholars. vi HISTORY OF GREECE In other respects too a good deal that is new will be found in this volume. The special attention which I have devoted to Asia Minor is intended to meet the demands of the present day. For chapters 25-27 Th. Reinach's narrative has served me as a guide, his Mithridate Eupatw being one of the few works on ancient history which fully come up to the required standard, not only in scholarship but in descriptive skill. On the other hand, I have endeavoured to reduce the importanceofAlexandriatomoremodestdimensions. Finally, I may point out that the self-government of the Greeks under the supremacy of the Kings and theRomans, on which I have laid stress, is a historical fact of some importance, and that consequently the study of this section of ancient history may be more profitable than some authorities of our day seem to think. There are many points which I have had to treat more briefly than they deserved, but the period after Alexander was not entitled to more space than that of the heyday of Greece. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I ..... THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER DOWN TO THE DEATH OF EUMENES (323-316 B.C.) 9 Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR CHAPS. I.-V. MODERN WORKS-.30 DESIGNATION OF THE WHOLE PERIOD . . CHAPTER II THE DIADOCHI DOWN TO THE DEATH OF SELEUCUS (316-280) . 39 Notes. INDEPENDENCE OF THE GREEKS THEIR MORAL CONDITION DEMETRIUS OF PHALERUM THE MARCH OF POLIORCETES INTO THE INTERIOR OF ASIA . . 57 CHAPTER III .67 THE LEADING FIGURES OF THE AGE . . . .83 Notes. MERCENARIES PIRATES . . . CHAPTER IY THE CELTIC INVASION THE CHARACTER OF ASIA MINOR AND .90 ITS CONSEQUENT HISTORY . . . Notes. THE ANTIGONIDS AND THE BARBARIANS 101 viii HISTORY OF GREECE CHAPTER V ....... PAGE THE POLITICAL ASPECT OF THE GREEK WORLD ABOUT THE YEAR 275 105 Notes. ORGANIZATION OF THE SYRIAN EMPIRE COINAGE THE GREEK CITIES OF ASIA THE LAGIDAE GROUP OF STATES 126 CHAPTER VI ..... THE CULTURE OF THE GREEKS ATHENS PHILOSOPHY THE .140 COMEDY Notes. DEIFICATION OF HUMAN BEINGS THE NEW COMEDY AND THE MORAL CONDITION OF ATHENS .157 . . CHAPTER VII ... AGATHOCLES . . . 164 .172 Notes. COINAGE CHAPTER VIII ... PYRRHUS IN ITALY AND SICILY 174 .182 Notes. COINAGE . CHAPTER IX THEEASTANDGREECEFROM 280-246B.C. HOSTILITIESBETWEEN SYRIA AND EGYPT DEATH OF PYRRHUS ANTIGONUS GONATAS THE CHREMONIDEAN WAR . . .184 Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 280-220 B.C. MODERN WORKS EGYPT COINAGE THENAVAL BATTLE OFF Cos VERDICT ON GONATAS . 201 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER X PAGE THEEASTANDGREECEPROM246-220 B.C. HOSTILITIESBETWEEN SYRIA AND EGYPT THE LEAGUES ARATUS AGIS CLEOMENES ANTIGONUS DOSON .211 . . . Notes. PTOLEMYIII. INASIA CHARACTEROFARATUS . 240 CHAPTER XI ........ ROME AND T.HE GR.EEKS .DOWN.TO 220.B.C. .THE.FIRST.PUNIC WAR 248 Note 252 CHAPTER XII ....... THEGREEKWORLDABOUT 220 B.C. 1. THE WEST AND GREECE PROPER 253 Notes. COINAGE, ESPECIALLY OF ITALY, SICILY AND SPARTA ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUES 267 CHAPTER XIII THE GREEK WORLD ABOUT 220 B.C. 2. THE EAST THE KING- DOMS BITHYNIA PERGAMUM THE SELEUCID EMPIRE : ; ; AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR ASIA MINOR CAPPADOCIA ; ; PONTUS; BACTRIA; PARTHIA GENERAL OBSERVATIONS . 274 Notes. ATTALIDS AND MERMNADS CITIES FOUNDED BY THE SELEUCIDS IN ASIA MINOR THE PTOLEMIES . . 293 CHAPTER XIV THE CULTURE OF THE GREEK WORLD BETWEEN 300 AND 220, ESPECIALLY AT THE ROYAL COURTS ALEXANDRIA THE MUSEUM POETRY THE POMP .303 . . . Notes. ALEXANDRIA SARAPIS . . . .316 HISTORY OF GREECE CHAPTER XV PAGE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN PERIOD ANTIOCHUSAND PHILIP THELEAGUEWAR THE SECOND PUNIC WAR SYRACUSE PHILOPOEMEN (220-205 B.C.) . . . . 320 Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 220-146 B.C. 331 CHAPTER XVI THE EAST G.REECE.ROM.E AND.PHIL.IP T.HE PR.OCLAM.ATION OF T. QUINCTIUS IN 196 B.C. THE INTERVENTION OF ROME 338 Notes. CHARACTER, OF PHILIP ROME AND HER ENEMIES . 350 CHAPTER XVII THE ROMANS IN CONFLICT WITH ANTIOCHUS, THE AETOLIANS AND THE GALATAE (192-189 B.C.) . . . .354 Notes. ROME, EGYPT AND SYRIA IN 197 B.C. COINAGE OF ANTIOCHUS III. . 368 CHAPTER XVIII ROME AND PERSEUS (189-168 B.C.) THE EAST ABOUT 169 B.C. ; SYRIA, EGYPT, BITHYNIA, CAPPADOCIA, PONTUS, PER- GAMUM AEMILIUS PAULLUS BATTLE OF PYDNA FATE OF MACEDONIA ROME'S TREATMENT OF PERGAMUM AND RHODES POPILLIUS LAENAS IN EGYPT . . .372 Nates. AENUS AND MARONEA SYRIA, ESPECIALLY ANTI- OCHUS IV. AND HIS COINAGE THE POLICY OF EUMENES . 397 CONTENTS xi CHAPTER XIX PAGE THE DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH THE FATE OF GREECE THE GREEKWORLD ABOUT 140 B.C. FROM A POLITICALSTAND- POINT, ESPECIALLY IN THE EAST (168-146 B.C.) . . 405 Notes. POLITICAL CONDITION OF GREECE AFTER 146 B.C. THE SOVEREIGNS OF SYRIA. ESPECIALLY FROM THEIR COINAGE REACTION OF THE EAST AGAINST THE WEST 423 . CHAPTER XX GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. I. EGYPT- ERUDITION CHARACTER OF ALEXANDRINE CULTURE AT DIFFERENT PERIODS II. SYRIA ANTIOCH ANTIOCHUS IV. THE JE.WS UN.DER .THE M.A;CCAB.EES .THE .CITIES OF THE SYRIAN EMPIRE THE ASULIA SELEUCIA AD TIGRIN 437 Notes. TOPOGRAPHY OF ANTIOCH THE ASULIA TENDENCY OF TASTE IN ART FROM THE T.HIRD.TO T.HE .FIRST CENTURY SERVICES RENDERED TO NATIVE ART BY THE PTOLEMIES EGYPT AND SYRIA 451 CHAPTER XXI GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. III. PER- GAMUM TOPOGRAPHY ART SCIENCE 464 ; ; . . . Notes. COINAGE 'RAUMPOESIE' CITIES FOUNDED IN PERGAMENE TERRITORY RHETORIC AND STYLE FROM THE THIRD TO THE FIP.ST CENTURY B.C. . . . 474 CHAPTER XXII .... GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. IV. RHODES- POLICY, TRADE, RELIGION, ART 483 Notes 496 xii HISTORY OF GREECE CHAPTER XXIII PAGE GREEK CULTURE IN THE SECOND CENTUR.Y B.C.. V..ATH.ENS- POLICY, EDUCATION, LITERATURE, ART DELOS TOPO- .... GRAPHY, CONSTITUTION, TRADE 498 Notes. TIMAEUS OF TAUROMENIUM 511 CHAPTER XXIV INFLUENCE O.F GRE.ECE O.N ROM.E PO.LYBIUS.ROM.AN LI.TERA- TURE INFLUENCE .OF GR.EEK .PHILO.SOPHY.ON R.OMAN LAW 514 Notes. POLYBIUS 524 CHAPTER XXV ASIA THE KINGDOM OF PERGAMUM BECOMES ROMAN TERRI- TORY RISE OF MlTHRIDATES EuPATOR OF PoNTUS THE GREEKS OF THE CRIMEA (146-91 B.C.) . . 526 Notes. AUTHORITIES FOR THE PERIOD FROM 146-63 B.C. . 538 CHAPTER XXVI ........ MlTHRIDATES AND SULLA (91-83 B.C.) . . . .541 Notes 554 CHAPTER XXVII MlTHRIDATES AND TlGRANES AGAINST LuCULLUS AND POMPEY DEATH OF MITHRIDATES END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE (83-63 B.C.) . . . . . .557 Notes. EMPIRE AND GOVERNMENT OF MITHRIDATES COM- MAGENE . 567

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