The History of Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): From Start to COVID

230 Pages·2021·10.173 MB·English

by  Michael S. Firstenberg

MEDICAL PROCEDURES, TESTING AND TECHNOLOGY

T H E -
HE ISTORY OF XTRA
C M
ORPOREAL EMBRANE
O (ECMO)
XYGENATION

F S COVID
ROM TART TO

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M P ,
EDICAL ROCEDURES
T T
ESTING AND ECHNOLOGY

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MEDICAL PROCEDURES, TESTING AND TECHNOLOGY

T H E -
HE ISTORY OF XTRA
C M
ORPOREAL EMBRANE
O (ECMO)
XYGENATION

F S COVID
ROM TART TO

MICHAEL S. FIRSTENBERG
EDITOR
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ISBN: 978-1-5361(cid:28)(cid:16)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:22)(eBook)

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CONTENTS

Preface The Practice and Principles of
Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation
(ECMO) – Volume 3 vii
Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs and Eric Yates Pruitt
Introduction The History of Extra-Corporeal Membrane
Oxygenation From Start to COVID xiii
Ahmed S. Said and Kenneth E. Remy
Chapter 1 The Genesis and Evolution of Extracorporeal
Membrane Oxygenation 1
Benjamin Smood, Asad A. Usman, Mark Helmers,
Christian Bermudez and
Rita Carrie Karianna Milewski
Chapter 2 An Introduction to VA-ECMO: Physiology,
Indications, and Principles of Management 25
Benjamin Smood, Matthew Woods,
Jason J. Han, Christian Bermudez
and Rita Carrie Karianna Milewski
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Disaster Preparedness for ECMO Programs and
Adapting ECMO Programs
to Face the COVID19 Pandemic 117
Allison Ferreira and Kim Delacruz
Chapter 4 Special Considerations for ECMO Cannulation
and Decannulation for COVID-19 Patient 131
Joseph Dovidio and Hitoshi Hirose
Chapter 5 The Use of ECMO for Treatment of Severe ARDS
Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 151
Olivia Giddings and Rana Hejal
Chapter 6 Frontline Experience with Extracorporeal Life
Support for COVID-19 Patients 163
Vitali Karaliou, Jennifer Hanna,
Matthew N. Libby, Courtney Petersen,
William M Novick and Michael S. Firstenberg
Chapter 7 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
in COVID-19: The Role of Lung Transplantation 187
Asishana Osho, Jerome Crowley,
Philip J Spencer, Masaki Funamoto,
Nathaniel Langer and Mauricio Villavicencio
About the Editor 199
Index 201
PREFACE: THE PRACTICE AND PRINCIPLES
OF EXTRA-CORPOREAL MEMBRANE
OXYGENATION (ECMO) – VOLUME 3

Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs, MD and Eric Yates Pruitt, MD
Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, US

INTRODUCTION

Dr. Michael Firstenberg is to be congratulated for creating and editing
an essential three volume compendium about extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation (ECMO) entitled, “The Practice and Principles of Extra-
Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)”. It is our honor to write this
Preface to Volume 3 of this magnificent summary of the state of the art and
science of ECMO. We recommend all three volumes of this textbook as
essential reading for all health care professionals with interest in ECMO.
The first 2 volumes of this compendium cover all of the details of
ECMO overall, describing both basic and advanced concepts. This third
volume discusses the early history of ECMO and then includes five
chapters discussing the extremely timely topic of the role of ECMO in the
treatment of patients diagnosed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
viii Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs and Eric Yates Pruitt
19). Volume 3, therefore, in many ways, spans the start of ECMO, to the
current state of ECMO today: ECMO from start to finish! However, the
status of ECMO in this very moment is in no way the actual finish, because
ECMO will continue to evolve in parallel with the evolution of medicine
and humanity.
All of us have had our very existence impacted by the COVID-19
pandemic; indeed, life as we know it has changed dramatically and
stunningly and rapidly and globally. The evolution of the treatment of
patients with COVID-19 is unlike any event ever seen in medicine. As of
October 24, 2020, 42,299,535 patients around the world have been
diagnosed with COVID-19, with 1,145,739 associated deaths (2.71%
mortality worldwide) [1]. Meanwhile, in the United States of America, as
of October 24, 2020, 8,497,011 patients have been diagnosed with
confirmed COVID-19, with 224,005 associated deaths to date (2.64%
mortality in the USA) [1]. Most deaths in patients with COVID-19 are due
to severe respiratory failure, with a smaller group succumbing to combined
pulmonary and cardiac failure. Several recent publications have
documented that ECMO facilitates salvage and survival of select critically
ill patients with COVID-19 [2, 3, 4, 5]. Early data from Wuhan, China
reported an alarmingly high rate of mortality of 83% (5 out of 6) in
COVID-19 patients supported with ECMO [6, 7]; however, more recent
data reveal improved survival of COVID-19 patients supported with
ECMO [2, 3, 4, 5]. Both recent individual institutional reports [2, 3, 5], as
well as recent reports from multi-institutional registries [4], have
demonstrated promising results and improvements in survival. Indeed, it is
clear that ECMO facilitates salvage and survival of select critically ill
patients with COVID-19. It is a fact that much remains to be learned about
the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and the role of ECMO in this
treatment.
Clinical guidelines for the management of patients with COVID-19
have been released by the World Health Organization (WHO) [8] and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States [9].
The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) [10] and The
American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO) [11] have also