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The history of China PDF

377 Pages·2020·5.64 MB·English
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THE HISTORY OF CHINA THE HISTORY OF CHINA David Curtis Wright Third Edition The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Copyright © 2020 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wright, David Curtis, 1960- author. Title: The history of China / David Curtis Wright. Description: Third edition. | Santa Barbara, California : Greenwood, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, [2020] | Series: The Greenwood histories of the modern nations | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020038066 (print) | LCCN 2020038067 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440874390 (print) | ISBN 9781440874406 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: China—History. Classification: LCC DS735.A2 W74 2020 (print) | LCC DS735.A2 (ebook) | DDC 951—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038066 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038067 ISBN: 978-1-4408-7439-0 (print) 978-1-4408-7440-6 (ebook) 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www.abc-clio.com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To the Memory of My Father P . H. C W rof urtis right (FEBRUARY 18, 1928–JANUARY 20, 2012) Believer, Scholar, Classics librarian, theologian, fisherman ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ὁ τὸν λόγον μου ἀκούων καὶ πιστεύων τῷ πέμψαντί με ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ εἰς κρίσιν οὐκ ἔρχεται ἀλλὰ μεταβέβηκεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν Contents Series Foreword ix Preface to the Third Edition xiii Timeline of Historical Events xv 1 Geography, Government, Population, and Early History 1 2 Pre-Imperial China, ca. 1122–221 BCE 15 3 Early Imperial China, 221 BCE–589 CE 43 4 Middle and Late Imperial China, 589–ca. 1800 67 5 The Tumultuous Nineteenth Century: External Aggression and Internal Chaos 107 6 Revolution and Republic 123 7 The People’s Republic: From First Breath to Mao’s Death 151 8 Deng’s China 185 viii Contents 9 Xi Who Must Be Obeyed: Internal Repression under Xi Jinping, 2013–2019 215 10 Xi Who Must Be Obeyed: External Self-Will under Xi Jinping, 2013–2019 251 11 Epilogue: Whither? 283 Notable People in the History of China 291 Chinese Dynasties 309 Glossary 311 Bibliographic Essay 315 Index 321 Series Foreword The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to provide students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical histories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the 1960s has there been a systematic attempt to pub- lish a series of national histories, and as series editors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our understand- ing of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world. At the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an accepted reality of global politics. The process of decolonization was still in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom in Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the United Kingdom. Authoritarian dictators still controlled most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran. Since then, the Cold War has ended, the Soviet Union has van- ished, leaving 15 independent republics in its wake, the advent of the

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