The History of Cartography. Volume 3. Book 2. Cartography in the European Renaissance

1103 Pages·2019·28.18 MB·English

T H E H I S T O RY O F C A RT O G R A P H Y
V O L U M E T H R E E
V o l u m e T h r e e
E d i t o r i a l A d v i s o r s
Denis E. Cosgrove Richard Helgerson
Catherine Delano-Smith Christian Jacob
Felipe Fernández-Armesto Richard L. Kagan
Paula Findlen Martin Kemp
Patrick Gautier Dalché Chandra Mukerji
Anthony Grafton Günter Schilder
Stephen Greenblatt Sarah Tyacke
Glyndwr Williams
T h e H i s t o r y o f C a r t o g r a p h y
J. B. Harley and David Woodward, Founding Editors
1
Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean
2.1
Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
2.2
Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies
2.3
Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies
3
Cartography in the European Renaissance
4
Cartography in the European Enlightenment
5
Cartography in the Nineteenth Century
6
Cartography in the Twentieth Century
T H E H I S T O RY O F C A RT O G R A P H Y
V O L U M E T H R E E
Cartography
in the
European Renaissance
P A R T 2
Edited by
DAVID WOODWARD
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON
David Woodward was the Arthur H. Robinson Professor Emeritus of
Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 2007 by the University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 2007
Printed in the United States of America
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 1 2 3 4 5
Set
ISBN-10: 0-226-90732-5 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90732-1 (cloth)
Part 1
ISBN-10: 0-226-90733-3 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90733-8 (cloth)
Part 2
ISBN-10: 0-226-90734-1 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-90734-5 (cloth)
Editorial work on The History of Cartographyis supported
in part by grants from the Division of Preservation and
Access of the National Endowment for the Humanities and
the Geography and Regional Science Program and Science
and Society Program of the National Science Foundation,
independent federal agencies.
For a complete list of financial supporters, see pages vii–x of part1.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
(Application has been made for CIP data from the Library of Congress.)
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations
expressed in The History of Cartographyare those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
agencies that provided financial support.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of the American National Standard for Information Sciences–
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.
Contents
List of Illustrations xi The Visual, Mathematical, and Textual Models
List of Abbreviations xxix for Mapping in the Renaissance
9 The Reception of Ptolemy’s Geography(End of the
PART 1 (ABBREVIATED)
Fourteenth to Beginning of the Sixteenth
Century), Patrick Gautier Dalché 285
Preface, David Woodward xxxix
10 Map Projections in the Renaissance,
Setting the Stage John P. Snyder 365
1 Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and
11 The European Religious Worldview and
Change, David Woodward 3
Its Influence on Mapping,
Pauline Moffitt Watts 382
2 The Role of Maps in Later Medieval Society:
Twelfth to Fourteenth Century,
Literature and Maps
Victoria Morse 25
12 Early Modern Literature and Cartography:
The History of Renaissance Cartography: An Overview, Tom Conley 401
Interpretive Essays
maps and renaissance culture 13 Literature and Mapping in Early Modern England,
1520–1688, Henry S. Turner 412
Cosmography and Celestial Mapping
14 Cartography and Literature in Early Modern
3 Images of Renaissance Cosmography, 1450–1650, France, Nancy Bouzrara and
Denis E. Cosgrove 55 Tom Conley 427
4 Renaissance Star Charts, 15 Literary Mapping in German-Speaking Europe,
Anna Friedman Herlihy 99 Franz Reitinger 438
Historiography 99
16 Maps and Literature in Renaissance Italy,
5 Lunar, Solar, and Planetary Representations Theodore J. Cachey Jr. 450
to 1650, R. H. van Gent and
A. Van Helden 123 17 Mapping Maritime Triumph and the Enchantment
of Empire: Portuguese Literature of the
6 Globes in Renaissance Europe, Elly Dekker 135 Renaissance, Neil Safier and Ilda Mendes
dos Santos 461
Charting
18 Literature and Cartography in Early Modern
7 The Renaissance Chart Tradition in the Spain: Etymologies and Conjectures,
Mediterranean, Corradino Astengo 174 Simone Pinet 469
8 Isolarii,Fifteenth to Seventeenth Century,
George Tolias 263
v
vi Contents
technical production and consumption 32 Cycles of Painted Maps in the Renaissance,
Francesca Fiorani 804
19 Land Surveys, Instruments, and Practitioners
in the Renaissance, Uta Lindgren 477
33 Cartography in the Duchy of Savoy during the
Renaissance, Paola Sereno 831
20 Navigation Techniques and Practice in the
Renaissance, Eric H. Ash 509
34 Cartographic Activities in the Republic of Genoa,
Corsica, and Sardinia during the
21 Signs on Printed Topographical Maps, ca. 1470–
Renaissance, Massimo Quaini 854
ca. 1640, Catherine Delano-Smith 528
35 State, Cartography, and Territory in Renaissance
22 Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and
Veneto and Lombardy, Emanuela
Coloring in the European Renaissance,
Casti 874
David Woodward 591
36 Cartography in the Central Italian States from
23 Centers of Map Publishing in Europe, 1472–1600,
1480 to 1680, Leonardo Rombai 909
Robert Karrow 611
Sources of Data 611
37 Cartography in the Kingdom of Naples during
the Early Modern Period, Vladimiro
24 Maps as Educational Tools in the Renaissance,
Valerio 940
Lesley B. Cormack 622
Introduction 622 portugal
25 Maps in Renaissance Libraries and Collections, 38 Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance, Maria
George Tolias 637 Fernanda Alegria, Suzanne Daveau, João
Carlos Garcia, Francesc Relaño 975
maps and their uses in renaissance
governance spain
26 Maps and the Early Modern State: Official 39 Spanish Peninsular Cartography, 1500–1700,
Cartography, Richard L. Kagan and David Buisseret 1069
Benjamin Schmidt 661
40 Spanish Nautical Cartography in the Renaissance,
27 Portraying the City in Early Modern Europe: Alison Sandman 1095
Measurement, Representation,
and Planning, Hilary Ballon and 41 Spanish Colonial Cartography, 1450–1700,
David Friedman 680 David Buisseret 1143
28 Maps and Rural Land Management in Early
PART 2
Modern Europe, Roger J. P. Kain 705
german lands
29 Warfare and Cartography, ca. 1450 to ca. 1640,
John Hale 719 42 Cartography in the German Lands, 1450–1650,
Peter H. Meurer 1172
30 Maps and Exploration in the Sixteenth and Early Introduction 1172
Seventeenth Centuries, Felipe Fernández- The Dawn of Early Modern Cartography 1177
Armesto 738 An Italian Interlude 1182
Cartography in the Heyday of German
Humanism 1189
State Contexts of Renaissance Mapping
German Cartography in the Reformation Period 1207
italian states
The Period of the First Surveys 1221
Influences of the Flemish School in the German
31 The Italian Map Trade, 1480–1650,
Area 1228
David Woodward 773
Contents vii
German Cartography in Late Humanism: france
An Overview 1236
47 Maps and Descriptions of the World in Sixteenth-
Conclusions 1245
Century France, Frank Lestringant and
low countries Monique Pelletier 1463
Oronce Fine and the Ptolemaic Tradition 1464
43 Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low André Thevet and Nicolas de Nicolay: Cosmographes
Countries, 1500–ca. 1670, Cornelis du roi 1467
Koeman and Marco van Egmond 1246 Contacts with Italy and Flanders 1474
Conclusion 1479
Early Mapping of the Low Countries and the
Historical-Political Background of Cartographic
48 National and Regional Mapping in France to
Development 1246
About 1650, Monique Pelletier 1480
From Picture to Map: The Birth of a Modern
National Mapmaking from Oronce Fine to Guillaume
Cartography 1249
Postel (1525–1570): Fine, Jolivet, Nicolay, and
Regional Topographical Mapping of the Low
Postel 1480
Countries 1257
Regional Mapmaking and the First Atlas of France,
Military Mapping of the Low Countries
1539–1594, Edited by Maurice Bouguereau 1489
(to ca. 1648) 1271
New Trends in National Mapmaking: François de
Summary Remarks 1290
La Guillotière and Christophe Tassin 1493
44 Commercial Cartography and Map Production The Administrative Mapmaking of Nicolas Sanson
in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672, (1600–1667) 1497
Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, The Itinerary and the Map (1515–1645) 1500
Marco van Egmond, and Peter van Conclusion 1502
der Krogt 1296
49 French Cartography: The ingénieurs du roi,
Louvain: Center of Learning 1296
1500–1650, David Buisseret 1504
The Rise of Commercial Cartography in the
Introduction: The Sixteenth Century 1504
Low Countries (to ca. 1672) 1298
The Engineers of Henri IV (1589–1610) 1505
Atlases from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1318
The ingénieurs du roiduring the Reign of Louis XIII
Wall Maps Published in the Netherlands 1341
(1610–1643) 1514
Globes from the Low Countries (to ca. 1680) 1356
Conclusion 1519
Summary Remarks 1374
50 Representations of Territory by Painters, Engineers,
45 Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during
and Land Surveyors in France during the
the Renaissance, Günter Schilder and
Renaissance, Monique Pelletier 1522
Marco van Egmond 1384
Maps and Plans Relating to Disputes 1522
Dutch Pilot Guides and Sea Atlases 1385
The Birth of Estate Maps 1525
Single-Sheet Charts: Printed and Manuscript Traditions
The Role of Maps in Regional and National
up to 1630 1404
Development 1530
Summary Remarks 1428
Representations of Cities: Panoramas, Perspective Views,
46 Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in and Profiles 1532
the Seventeenth Century, Kees Conclusion 1537
Zandvliet 1433
51 The Mapping of Samuel de Champlain,
The Historical Background of VOC and WIC
1603–1635, Conrad E. Heidenreich 1538
Mapmaking 1434
Exploration and Mapping 1539
The Education and Status of Oceanic Navigators, Land
Data Gathering for Maps 1542
Surveyors, and Military Engineers 1434
Conclusions 1547
The Dutch East India Company 1436
The West India Company 1449
52 Marine Cartography and Navigation in Renaissance
The Rhetorical Role of Company Maps 1458
France, Sarah Toulouse 1550
Conclusion 1460
Renaissance Normandy: A Seaward-Looking
Province 1550
viii Contents
Neighboring Brittany and Distant Marseilles 1554 The Engravers 1712
The Influences on Cartographers 1555 Regulation and Control 1714
Projection: Rhumbs and Loxodromes 1556 Finance and Patronage 1717
Magnetic Declination 1557 Marketing and Distribution 1718
The Production of Charts 1557 Conclusion 1720
The Use of Charts: Plotting Position 1559
The Uses of Norman Charts 1561 58 Chartmaking in England and Its Context,
Charts That Remained Manuscript Works 1562 1500–1660, Sarah Tyacke 1722
Introduction 1722
53 Publishing and the Map Trade in France, The Early Period (to 1560) 1725
1470–1670, Catherine Hofmann 1569 English-Made Overseas Charts and Their Survival Rates
A Century of Trial and Error, 1480–1580 1569 (1560–1660) 1731
The Influence of the Low Countries, 1580–1630 1575 English Chartmakers, 1560–1660 1737
The Age of Independence, 1630–1670 1578 Conclusion 1746
british isles
59 Colonial Cartography under the Tudor and Early
Stuart Monarchies, ca. 1480–ca. 1640,
54 Mapmaking in England, ca. 1470–1650,
Robert C. D. Baldwin 1754
Peter Barber 1589
Introduction 1754
The English Heritage to 1525 1589
Maps and the Promotion of Overseas Ventures under
Foreign Influences to 1525 1595
the Early Tudor Monarchs 1755
Change, 1526–1550 1598
The “Paper Empire” of Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603)
Consolidation, 1550–1611: An Overview 1608
1757
Mapping the Country, 1550–1611 1620
Colonization and Cartography under the Early
Mapping the Countryside, 1550–1611 1637
Stuarts 1767
Mapping the Towns, 1550–1611 1648
Conclusions 1779
Icons, Emblems, and Decoration, 1550–1611 1657
Mapmaking in Early Stuart England, 1612–1650 1666 scandinavia
Conclusion 1668
60 Scandinavian Renaissance Cartography,
55 Colonial Cartography in a European Setting:
William R. Mead 1781
The Case of Tudor Ireland,
The Setting 1781
J. H. Andrews 1670
Pioneering in Nordic Cartography 1782
The Political Background 1671
A Gothic Vision of the North 1786
Maps and the Administrator 1671
“An Embryonic School of Cartography” 1788
Ireland’s Cartographic Personality 1672
Cartography and Territorial Claims 1792
The Earliest Official Maps 1673
The Contribution of the Fortification Engineers 1796
An Early Elizabethan Consensus 1675
The Birth of the Swedish Land Survey 1800
The First Measured Survey 1677
Charting the Sea 1804
Provincial Cartography: The West and South 1678
On the Threshold of a New Age 1805
Provincial Cartography: The North 1681
The Empire of Great Britain 1682 east-central europe
56 The Kingdom of Scotland: Cartography in an 61 Renaissance Cartography in East-Central Europe,
Age of Confidence, Jeffrey Stone 1684 ca. 1450–1650, Zsolt G. Török 1806
First Steps toward a Scottish Cartography 1685 The Study of Early Maps in East-Central Europe:
The Emergence of a Scottish Cartography: The Role Historiographic Overview 1808
of Timothy Pont 1686 Antique and Medieval Traditions: Ptolemy and Portolan
Charts 1810
57 The London Map Trade to 1640, The Mathematical-Astronomical Tradition 1811
Laurence Worms 1693 The Local Context: Beginnings of Local
Imports and Importers 1694 Mapmaking 1813
Maps Published in England 1695
Contents ix
The New Paradigm: Regional Cartography in East- The Beginnings of Russian Cartography and
Central Europe 1816 Geography 1858
The First Printed Map of Hungary 1820 Local, Regional, and General Maps in Russia 1860
A Transylvanian Humanist: Johannes Honter 1828 Russian Geographical Discoveries and Mapping of the
Later Printed Maps of East-Central Europe 1833 Asiatic Part of Russia 1873
The Local Use of Foreign Maps 1837 Semyon Ulianovich Remezov and the Mapping of Siberia:
Military Maps of the Eastern Frontiers 1839 The First Russian Geographical Atlases 1884
In Defense of Europe: Military Mapping during the Conclusions 1902
Turkish Wars 1842
Conclusions 1851 Editor and Authors 1905
Bibliographical Index 1907
russia
General Index, Margie Towery 2059
62 Russian Cartography to ca. 1700,
L. A. Goldenberg 1852
Reconstructions of General Maps of Russia from
Western European Maps 1856