The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies PDF
Preview The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies
THE HI TORY OF CARTOGR PHY VOLUME 2,B OOK 2 Cartograipnth hyeT raditiEoansatl andS outheast SoAcsiieatni es EditbeydJ .B .H arleayn dD aviWdo odward M apsr eUu sm uchm oret hamne relhyo wt og et fromh erteo t herAes.o neo ft heo ldtef orms ofh umanc ommunicattihoenyu, l timately expretshsem anyw aysw e attemtpotu nderstand the worlTdh.e fir stc omprehievnhe i t oroyf m aps amnadp · pinwgo rldwifdreo mp rehisttoot rhyep ree ntT heH is toroyfCa rtograi pbhotyha nes entiraetf erewnocrek anda philoop hicsatla temoefnm ta p valuteo s ociety. J.B .H arleayn dD aviWdo odwarhda vea ssemblaend internattieoanmao lf peciatl tio c ompilae m uch needeudp -to-dsautrevo efyt hede velopmoefcn atr togra phya scai encaen da na rt. Goinbge yontdh em oref amildijasrc ussoifom nasp a recorodfsa ctupalla cet hee diror: have aa dopted broaddeerfin itioofna mapa ani lltur atiooftn h pa riarle ladoanc.tsu,oa rls ymboloifca , p lacaen e venotr, a concepTth.i scopaeU ow disciuo no fa nu npre-c denterda ngoefm apsi,n cludtihnogsd ee picttihneeg n tire cosmo the sosupli'r itjuoaulr n,e ayn di magined worldTsh.e r esuil nto t oan lcyom prehenssyinvteh esi ofc artograkpnhoiwcl edbguet,a lsao n arratoifvo eu r changipnegr ceptoifot nh ew orladn do urp lacien i t. Whate mergiesa f ascinaptiicntguo rfme a p a practical toolasn da lsao ymboliimca geu edf orm agicpaol lit icaaln dr eligipouursp o.s e Volum2e o fT heH istoofryCa rtografocpuhe yso n mappinignn on-Westecrunl tu,ra e.n a reoaf s tudhyi s toricaolvelryl oobkyeW de stesrcnh olaErxst.ei nv oer ig inarle e arcmha ketsh it hef oremossotu rfcoerd efining, describainndga nalyztihnigvs a t a ndu nexplotrheed ateorf c artograhpiht iocr yB.o ok2 ,t hep ree otb ook, chronicmlaepssm ,a ppinagn,d m apmakinignE asatn d SoutheAa sita M.a p ofr emarkadbilvye er f orma nd contenftr,o mg ravpel ana ndc lipfafi ntitnogh so ro scopaensd c itlya youatrsep, r obedb rilliiannt thlimy a - sivceo llecotfi onng roi nga ndo ftenne wm aterials. Book1 featumree IsI amiweo rladn dS outh Asia; book 3 wilclo veArf rica, AmtehreAi rccat,iA cu,s traalnida theP acific. (Contionnbu aecdflak p ) Coveri llumarKiaonng: n(iHdoonJum igln iyiS ktack ukchtioto [ Mapo f integrlaatnedadsn dr egiono$fh it orieoauln trinedc api]t)ab ly Y l Hoe andK w6nK iin( C<J. 14"B7y0pe )r.m issoifoR ny iikokUun iversity LibrarKyy,o tJoa pan. THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 2.3 Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies 3 Cartography in the European Renaissance 4 Cartography in the European Enlightenment 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUMETWO,BOOKTWO Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies Edited by J. B. HARLEY and DAVID WOODWARD Associate Editor JOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERG Assistant Editor CORDELL D. K. YEE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON j. B. Harley was professor ofgeography at the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee. David Woodward is professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1994 by The University ofChicago All rights reserved. Published 1994 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-226-31637-8 (v. 2, bk. 2) @ The paperused in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paperfor Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 Editorial work on The History ofCartography is supported in part by grants from the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies. For a complete list of foundations, organizations, and individuals who supported the editorial work, see pages v and vi. The costs ofpublishing this book have been defrayed in part by three awards: A publication grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency. The 1992 Hiromi Arisawa Memorial Award from the Books on japan Fund with respect to Peasant Uprising inJapan published by the University of Chicago Press. The award is financed by the japan Foundation from generous donations contributed byjapanese individuals and companies. Apublication grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in The History ofCartography are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided financial support. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication data will be found on the last page ofthis book Financial Support Federal Agencies Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities Geography and Regional Science Program of the National Science Foundation Foundations and Institutions Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Foundation The National Geographic Society The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Rand McNally The Japan Foundation The Luther I. Replogle Foundation The Johnson Foundation The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation History of Cartography, The Newberry Library Organizations California Map Society The Mercator Society, New York The Chicago Map Society Public Library Geography and Map Division of the Special Michigan Map Society Libraries Association The New York Map Society Map and Geography Round Table, American North East Map Organization Library Association The Rocky Mountain Map Society Map Society of British Columbia Washington Map Society Founders Roger S. and Julie Baskes Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl Arthur Holzheimer Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster Benefactors Arthur L. Kelly Glen McLaughlin George Parker Bernard Lisker Chuck and Lia Palmer David M. Rumsey Patrons Julie A. Anderson William B. Ginsberg Barbara Backus McCorkle Richard B. Arkway John M. Gubbins Donald L. McGuirk, Jr. Frederick and Howard Baron Warren Heckrotte Braham Norwick Stephen D. and Nancy Brink Francis H. Heller Harold L. Osher Clive A. Burden Francis Herbert William Sherman Reese Rand Burnette Robert A. Highbarger Jack L. Ringer JoAnn and Richard Casten John S. Josey Arthur H. Robinson Mr. and Mrs. James R. Donnelley Jay I. Kislak Joseph E. Schwartzberg Ralph Ehrenberg Edward D. Kleinbard Richard H. Sigel Johan W. Eliot Dee Longenbaugh Stephen Stares Clifton F. Ferguson Scott A. Loomer Thomas and Ahngsana Suarez Richard and Dorothy Fitch Douglas W. Marshall Antiques of the Orient Pte. Ltd, Gerald F. Fitzgerald Martayan Lan, Inc. MichaelJ. Sweet Joseph H. Fitzgerald George F. McCleary, Jr. lain C. Taylor and North by West Additional support from Daniel M. Amato Susanne A. Haffner Walter W. Ristow W. Graham Arader III J. Scott Hamilton Steve Ritchie Patriciaand Stanley K. Arnett, II John B. Henderson Pierre L. Sales James Axtell Bangbo Hu Stephen E. Schalk Stanley Balzekas Alice C. Hudson Don Schnabel Gwendolyn R. Barckley Murray Hudson Cherie Semans Thomas R. Beall IBM David Charles Sheldon Yasha Beresiner Kit S. Kapp Robert B. Shilkret Anibal A. Biglieri Elton R. Kerr John D. Shugrue Stephen A. Bromberg Anne and Lawrence Knowles Lawrence Slaughter Michael Burack Josef W. Konvitz Thomas R. Smith Charles A. Burroughs Steven Kosakowski John P. Snyder Fred A. Cazel,Jr. G. Malcolm Lewis Margaret Sowers Barbara Mae Christy Janice and Chingliang Liang Bruce N. Spring Sherry Coatney and David Niemi Catharine McClellan Mr. and Mrs. Martin Steinmann Tim Coss Michael McGuire RichardJ. A. Talbert Cray Research Foundation Allen H. Meyer G. Thomas Tanselle Gerald Danzer Jack and Carmen Miller Norman and Elizabeth Thrower Richard Dittman Mr. and Mrs. PaulJ. Mode,Jr. Richard M. Ugland MichaelJ. Dubin John T. Monckton Richard Umansky Elizabeth F. Dunlap Mark Monmonier Carol Urness OliverC. Dunn Gene Moser Diane D. Vasica Clinton R. Edwards CurtisJ. Musselman Leonard Vis C. Eide Mr. and Mrs. JeromeJ. Nerenberg RainerVollmar Herbert F. Ellis Alfred W. Newman StephenJ. Walsh Edward B. Espenshade,Jr. Judy Olson Daniel Gilbert Watters Lucy A. Fellowes Theodore W. Palmer Ann H. Wells Bruce Fetter Richard P. Palmieri James A. Welu Norman Fiering Douglas T. Peck Louis Werner Robert L. Fisher Mary Pedley Scott D. Westrem John Fondersmith Edward F.·Penico Joan Winearls Theodore N. Foss Carla Rahn and W. D. Phillips,Jr. Eric W. Wolf John Frye Miklos Pinther John Wolter Edward Garcia Francesco Prontera Alberta and Clifford Wood Robert Graebner Jean M. Ray JenniferWoodward Mark A. Green Dennis Reinhartz Jeanne and Stephen Young Eugene M. Grossman Charles D. Reynolds Rick Ray Zellmerand Erica Schmidt PeterJ. Guthorn John R. Ribeiro His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall Contents List of Illustrations Xl 5 Taking the World's Measure: Chinese Maps between Observation and Text, Preface, David Woodward XXlll Cordell D. K. Yee 96 The Government Interest in Measurement 1 Prehistoric Cartography in Asia, Water Conservancy and Cartography Catherine Delano Smith 1 Evidentiary Scholarship and Cartography The Mapping Impulse in Prehistoric Art Maps, Measurement, and Text Picture Maps Numberand Text in Pei Xiu's Cartography Plan Maps Text and Measurement in Later Cartography Celestial Maps The Shape ofthe World: Observation versus Text Cosmological Maps The Cartographic Grid Problems of Interpretation 6 Chinese Cartography among the Arts: Objectivity, 2 Introduction to East Asian Cartography, Subjectivity, Representation, Nathan Sivin and Gari Ledyard 23 Cordell D. K. Yee 128 Scope The Relation between Art and Reality The Variety ofEast Asia Literature, Maps, and Representation of the Material Terms World Contents The Dual Function of Representation in Literature Historiography Paintingand Representation The Means and Ends of Cartography The Artistic Economy: Common Technologies of Text and Map Production Implications Cartographyand the Visual Arts: Conceptual and Stylistic Connections Cartography in China Maps as Paintings/Paintingsas Maps Toward a Redefinition ofthe Map 3 Reinterpreting Traditional Chinese Geographical Combining Fact and Value Maps, Cordell D. K. Yee 35 Chinese Mapping: A Mathematical Tradition? 7 Traditional Chinese Cartography and the Myth of The Use and Abuse ofCartographic History: Flaws in Westernization, Cordell D. K. Yee 170 the Quantitative Approach The Introduction of European Cartography Toward a Revision of the Chinese Map Tradition European Cartography and Qing Mapping Gauging the Extent of Western Influence 4 Chinese Maps in Political Culture, Late Qing Manifestations of European Influence Cordell D. K. Yee 71 Maps, Ritual, and Warfare 8 Chinese Cosmographical Thought: The High Political Culture and Documentary Scholarship Intellectual Tradition, Maps in Han Political Culture John B. Henderson 203 The Continuity of Qin and Han Practices Foundations of Geometric and Nonary Cosmography Astrology and Celestial Mapping in Political Culture Schematic Arrangements of Various Types of Space The Proliferation of Geographic Records Geomancy and Its Relation to Cosmography Gazetteer Maps Later Modifications and Criticisms ofTraditional Maps, Scholarship, and Cultural Continuity Cosmographical Schemata VB Contents Vlll Countercosmographyand Anticosmography in Qing The Yuan and Ming Dynasties (1279-1644) Thought Celestial Cartography in Korea Thejesuit Contribution 9 Concluding Remarks: Foundations for a Future History of Chinese Mapping, 14 Japanese Celestial Cartography before the Meiji Cordell D. K. Yee 228 Period, Kazuhiko Miyajima 579 Celestial Maps in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Celestial Maps in the Edo Period Cartography in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam Hoshi Mandaras Aboriginal Celestial Cartography 10 Cartography in Korea, Gari Ledyard 235 The Present State of Korean Cartographic Research Korean Maps before the Fifteenth Century Cartography in Greater Tibet and Mongolia World Maps and East Asia Regional Maps The Foundations of Korean Cartography 15 Maps of Greater Tibet, The Shape of Korea joseph E. Schwartzberg 607 Local, Regional, and Defense Maps Cosmographic Maps The Historical and Social Setting of Korean Cartography Geographical Maps Mongolian Cartography, C. Henrik Herb 682 11 Cartography in Japan, Kazutaka Unno 346 Introduction: The Main MappingTraditions Ancient and Medievaljapanese Cartography before the Cartography in Southeast Asia Edo Period Early Assimilation of European Cartography 16 Introduction to Southeast Asian Cartography, The State and Cartography joseph E. Schwartzberg 689 Development ofthe Printed Map Trade The State of Our Knowledge japanese Cartographyand "Dutch Learning" The Nature of the Southeast Asian Cartographic Corpus japanese Mapping of Their Northern Frontierand Coastlines 17 Cosmography in Southeast Asia, joseph E. Schwartzberg 701 12 Cartography in Vietnam,john K. Whitmore 478 Tribal Cosmographies Cosmography Buddhist and Hindu Cosmographies Maps of D~i Vi~t Astronomy, Astrology, Geomancy, and Mental Maps in Itineraries of D~i Viet Relation to Fields of Cosmic Force Maps of D~i Nam 18 Southeast Asian Geographical Maps, Celestial Mapping in East Asia joseph E. Schwartzberg 741 A Map of the Greater Part of Asia 13 Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs, Maps of Countries and Regions F. Richard Stephenson 511 Route Maps Independent Developments in Chinese Celestial Maps of Primarily Rural Localities Cartography Maps of Primarily Urban Localities The Beginnings of Celestial Cartography in China The Constellations as Envisaged during the Western and 19 Southeast Asian Nautical Maps, Eastern Zhou Dynasties and the Chunqiu Period Joseph E. Schwartzberg 828 (ca. 1027-468 B.C.) Celestial Cartography in the Zhanguo Period (403-221 20 Conclusion to Southeast Asian Cartography, B.C.) joseph E. Schwartzberg 839 The Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C.-A.D. 220) Nature and Distribution of the Surviving Corpus The Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty (220-618) Physical Attributes of Southeast Asian Maps The Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties Period (618-960) Cartographic Attributes ofSoutheast Asian Maps The Song and Contemporary Dynasties (960-1279) Future Tasks
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