The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies PDF
Preview The History of Cartography, Volume 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
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THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME TWO, BOOK ONE THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY 1 Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 2.1 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies 2.2 Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies 3 Cartography in the Age of Renaissance and Discovery 4 Cartography in the Age of Science, Enlightenment, and Expansion 5 Cartography in the Nineteenth Century 6 Cartography in the Twentieth Century THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY VOLUME TWO, BOOK ONE Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies Edited by J. B. HARLEY and DAVID WOODWARD Associate Editors JOSEPH E. SCHWARTZBERG GERALD R. TIBBETTS Assistant Editor AHMET T. KARAMUSTAFA THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON J. B. Harley was professor ofgeography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. David Woodward is professor ofgeography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1992 by The University ofChicago All rights reserved. Published 1992 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 5 4 3 2 @>Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimum requirementsoftheAmericanNationalStandardfor InformationSciences-PermanenceofPaperforPrinted LibraryMaterials,ANSIZ39.48-1992. This work is supported in part by grants from the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Geography and Regional Science Program of the National Science Foundation, independent federal agencies Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the History ofCartography are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of agencies that provided financial support. LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised forvol. 2) The Historyofcartography. Bibliography:p. Includes index. Contents: v.I. Cartography inprehistoric, ancient,and medieval Europeand the Mediterranean v. 2, bk. 1. Cartographyin the traditional Islamic and SouthAsian societies. 1. Cartography-History. I. Harley,J. B. OohnBrian), 1932-1991. II. Woodward, David, 1942- GA201.H53 1987 526'.09 86-6995 ISBN 0-226-31633-5 (v. 1) ISBN 0-226-31635-1 (v. 2, bk. 1) To Brian ~ Weshall notceasc from exploration Andtheendojallourexploring Will beroarrivewherewe51arted Andknowtheplace forthefir51time. T·s·rllOT Financial Support Federal Agencies Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities Geography and Regional Science Program of the National Science Foundation Foundations and Institutions Gaylord and Dorothy Donnelley Foundation Rand McNally TheJohnson Foundation The Luther I. Replogle Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the The National Geographic Society History of Cartography, The Newberry Library Map Societies Map Society of British Columbia The New York Map Society California Map Society The Rocky Mountain Map Society The Chicago Map Society Washington Map Society Benefactors Richard B. Arkway Arthur Holzheimer Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl Roger S. and Julie Baskes Arthur L. Kelly George Parker Clive A. Burden Bernard Lisker David M. Rumsey Gerald F. Fitzgerald Glen McLaughlin Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster Patrons JoAnn and Richard Casten Martayan Lan, Inc. William Sherman Reese Clifton F. Ferguson Barbara Backus McCorkle Jack L. Ringer Joseph H. Fitzgerald Donald L. McGuirk,Jr. Richard H. Sigel John S. Josey Braham Norwick Eric W. Wolf Harold L. Osher Additional support from Daniel M. Amato RobertA. Highbarger CharlesD. Reynolds StanleyK. Arnett, II Bangbo Hu SteveRitchie StanleyBalzekas AliceC. Hudson ArthurH. Robinson Gwendolyn R. Barckley Murray Hudson Pierre L. Sales Michael Burack KitS. Kapp Joseph E. Schwartzberg Rand Burnette Josef W. Konvitz CherieSemans CharlesA. Burroughs StevenKosakowski Robert B. Shilkret FredA. Cazel,Jr. G. Malcolm Lewis LawrenceSlaughter Barbara MaeChristy Janiceand ChingliangLiang ThomasR. Smith SherryK. Coatney Michael McGuire MargaretSowers TimCoss Allen H. Meyer BruceN.Spring CrayResearch Foundation Jack M. Miller Mr. and Mrs. MartinSteinmann Gerald Danzer PaulJ. Mode,Jr. Thomasand AhngsanaSuarez MichaelJ. Dubin JohnT. Monckton RichardJ. A. Talbert OliverC. Dunn Mark Monmonier G. ThomasTanselle C. Eide Gene Moser Normanand ElizabethThrower Edward B. Espenshade,Jr. Mr.and Mrs.JeromeJ. Nerenberg RichardUmansky Lucy A. Fellowes David H. Niemi CarolUrness BruceFetter JudyOlson Leonard Vis Richardand Dorothy Fitch TheodoreW. Palmer RainerVollmar John Fondersmith Richard P. Palmieri DanielGilbertWatters TheodoreN. Foss DouglasT. Peck Ann H. Wells RobertGraebner Mary Pedley ScottD. Westrem Eugene M. Grossman Edward F. Penico Joan Winearls PeterJ. Guthom Robert Power JohnWolter SusanneA. Haffner CarlaRahn and W. D. Phillips,Jr. Albertaand CliffordWood WarrenHeckrotte Jean M. Ray JeanneandStephenYoung John B. Henderson DennisReinhartz Rick Ray Zellmerand EricaSchmidt Contents List of Illustrations XI Cosmology in Islam General Characteristics of Cosmographical Maps and Preface, ]. B. Harley and David Woodward XIX Diagrams Exoteric Realism: Philosophical and Scientific Diagrams Celestial Diagrams Geographical Diagrams Esoteric Speculation: Gnostic and Mystical Diagrams pART ONE Islamic Cartography 1 Gnostic Diagrams Mystical Diagrams 1 Introduction to Islamic Maps, Religious Cosmography Ahmet T. Karamustafa 3 Greek Heritage Map and Text Early Geographical Mapping Conditions of Map Production Theory and Practice 4 The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition, Terms Gerald R. Tibbetts 90 Historiography Introduction Early Geographical Literature 2 Celestial Mapping, Emilie Savage-Smith 12 Foreign Geographical Influence Early Syrian Origins The Map ofthe Caliph al-Ma)miin Planispheric Astrolabes as Celestial Maps Geographical Tables Early History of the Astrolabe Longitude and Latitude Tables: AI-KhwarazmI, Variants of Planispheric Astrolabes al-BattanI, and Ptolemy Extended Use of Astrolabic Mapping AI-KhwarazmI's Methods and Purpose AI-BlrilnI on Celestial Mapping The Length of the Mediterranean Additional Planar Mapping The Seven Climates and Their Boundaries Three-Dimensional Celestial Mapping Prime Meridians Spherical Astrolabes Suhrab's Construction ofa Map Celestial Globes The Maps from the al-KhwarazmI Manuscript The Manufacture ofCelestial Globes Conclusion Armillary Spheres Mapping of Individual Constellations and Asterisms 5 The BalkhI School of Geographers, The Pre-Islamic Astronomic System Gerald R. Tibbetts 108 Lunar Mansions Works of the BalkhI School Islamic Constellation Iconography The Maps of the BalkhI School Islamic Asterism Mapping and Its Influence in Europe Description of the Maps Personifyingand Allegorical Interpretations of Celestial Selection of Material Bodies The Treatment ofthe Persian Provinces The Introduction of Early Modern European Celestial The Arabic-Speaking Provinces Mapping The World Map AI-MuqaddasI's Maps 3 Cosmographical Diagrams, Miscellaneous Manuscripts Belonging to the BalkhI Ahmet T. Karamustafa 71 School Scope Conclusion Vll Vlll Contents 6 Later Cartographic Developments, Architectural Plans and Waterway Maps Gerald R. Tibbetts 137 Cartography as Private Enterprise Later Recensions of Ibn I:Iawqal's Maps World Maps The Ifudad al-calam Regional Maps Later Tables and al-BIriinI Later Geographical Writers 12 Itineraries and Town Views in Ottoman Histories, Thirteenth-Centuryand Later World Maps J. M. Rogers 228 Climatic Maps and Their Variants The Compilation of Illustrated Histories First Use ofa Graticule Early Examples of Topographical Illustration in Other Maps Ottoman Texts Conclusion Topographical Illustration in the Mecmaca-i menazil Topographical Illustration in Later Ottoman Histories 7 Cartography of ai-SharIf al-IdrIsI, S. Maqbul Ahmad 156 Marine Charting AI-SharIf al-IdrIsI as a Mapmaker The Nuzhat al-mushtaqIi'khtiraq al-afaq 13 The Role of Charts in Islamic Navigation in the Publications and Translations Indian Ocean, Gerald R. Tibbetts 256 AI-IdrlsI's Instructions for Making a World Map Writing the Nuzhat al-mushtaq 14 Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean, Maps in the Nuzhat al-mushtaq Svat Soucek 263 The RawQ, al-faraj wa-nuzhat al-muhaj Introduction The Sources for al-IdrlsI's Nuzhat al-mushtaq Arab Portolan Charts The Influence ofal-IdrIsI's Work on Later Authors PIrI Re)Is Charts of the New World 8 Geodesy, Raymond P. Mercier 175 Kitab-i bal}rfye Introduction Ottoman Portolan Charts and Atlases Arabic Metrology The al-SharafI al-SifaqsI Family Measurements of the Length of a Degree AI-BlnlnI's Measurement of the Radius of the Earth Determiningthe Longitude of Ghazna PART Two South Asian Cartography 293 9 Qibla Charts, Qibla Maps, and Related Instruments, 15 Introduction to South Asian Cartography, David A. King and Richard P. Lorch Joseph E. Schwartzberg 295 189 The State of Our Knowledge Introduction Published Writings Qibla Charts Centered on the Kacba Repositories for Indian Cartography Qibla Maps Based on Coordinates The Nature of the Indian Corpus as Revealed by Methods of Qibla Determination with Spheres and Textual Sources and the Archaeological Record Astrolabes Types of Materials Produced Prehistoric and Tribal Maps Premodern Ottoman Geographical Mapping Achievements of the Harappan Culture Vedic Altars 10 Introduction to Ottoman Cartography, Ancient Knowledge ofGeography Ahmet T. Karamustafa 206 Evidence of Ancient Cosmographies Scope and Organization Indian Astronomy Terminology Surveyingin the Mauryan Empire Problems in the Study of Ottoman Cartography Architectural Plans from Ancient and Medieval India Maps Noted in SecularTexts 11 Military, Administrative, and Scholarly Maps and Pata-chitras Plans, Ahmet T. Karamustafa 209 Fruits of Hindu-Muslim Interaction Cartography in the Service ofthe State European Accounts of Indian Mapping Origins Reasons for the Relative Paucity of South Asian Military Maps Maps
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