The History of Cartography, Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean

642 Pages·1992·171.941 MB·English

by  J. B. Harley, David Woodward

THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
VOLUME ONE
EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Luis de Albuquerque Joseph Needham
J. H. Andrews David B. Quinn
J6zef Babicz Maria Luisa Righini Bonellit
Marcel Destombest Walter W. Ristow
o. A. W. Dilke Arthur H. Robinson
t
L. A. Goldenberg Avelino Teixeira da Mota
George Kish Helen M. Wallis
Cornelis Koeman Lothar Z6gner
tDeceased
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
1
Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe
and the Mediterranean
2
Cartography in the Traditional Asian Societies
3
Cartography in the Age ofRenaissance and Discovery
4
Cartography in the Age ofScience, Enlightenment, and Expansion
5
Cartography in the Nineteenth Century
6
Cartography in the Twentieth Century
THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY
VOLUME ONE
Cartography in Prehistoric,
Ancient, and Medieval Europe
and the Mediterranean
Edited by
J.
B. HARLEY
and
DAVID WOODWARD
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS • CHICAGO & LONDON
J. B. Harley is professor ofgeography
at the University ofWisconsin-Milwaukee, formerly
Montefiore Reader in Geography at the University ofExeter.
David Woodward is professor of geography
at the University ofWisconsin-Madison.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 1987byTheUniversityofChicago
Allrightsreserved. Published1987
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 8 7 654
Thiswork is supportedin part by grants from the Division of
Research Programs of the National Endowment for the
Humanities, an independent federal agency
Additional funds were contributed by
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
The National Geographic Society
The Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for
the History of Cartography, The Newberry Library
TheJohnson Foundation
The Luther I. Replogle Foundation
The British Academy
and the following individuals
Richard B. Arkway John T. Monckton
Joe C. W. Armstrong Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Nebenzahl
Clive A. Burden Rear Admiral G. S. Ritchie
Gerald F. Fitzgerald Walter E. Scott
PeterJ. Guthorn Richard H. Sigel
Arthur Holzheimer Mrs. L. M. C. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Webster
LibraryofCongress Catalogingin PublicationData
Thehistoryofcartography.
Bibliography:p.
Includesindex.
Contents:v.I. Cartographyinprehistoric,ancient,
andmedievalEuropeandtheMediterranean.
1. Cartography--History. I.Harley,J. B. (John
Brian) II.Woodward,David, 1942-
GA201.H53 1987 526'.09 866995
ISBN: 0-226-31633-5(Vol. 1)
0-226-31635-1 (Vol.2,Book1)
0-226-31637-8(Vol.2,Book2)
§
Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetsthe
minimumrequirementsoftheAmericanNational
StandardforInformationSciences-Permanenceof
PaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSI
239.48-1992.
Contents
List of Illustrations IX PART Two Cartography in Ancient Europe and the
Mediterranean 103
Preface xv
J. B. Harley and DavidWoodward
5 Cartography in the Ancient World: An
Introduction 105
1 The Map and the Development of the History of o. A. W. Dilke
Cartography 1
The Historical Importance of the Map
Renaissance to Enlightenment: The Early Antecedents 6 Cartography in the Ancient Near East 107
of the History of Cartography Babylonian Geographical Knowledge
The History ofCartography as Handmaiden: Babylonian Mensuration and Calculation
Traditional Themes from the Nineteenth Century Babylonian Plans
The Growth ofa Scholarly Identity Babylonian Small-Scale Maps
J. B. Harley Celestial Geography
Cartographic Knowledge in Syria and Palestine
A. R. Millard
7 Egyptian Cartography 117
Topographical Drawing and Religious Cartography
PART ONE Cartography in Prehistoric Europe and the Turin Map ofthe Gold Mines
Mediterranean 43
Land Survey, Cadastral Maps, and Building Plans
A. F. Shore
2 Prehistoric Maps and the History of Cartography:
An Introduction 45
Catherine Delano Smith 8 The Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in
Archaic and Classical Greece 130
Circular Maps and the Flat Earth: Anaximander and
3 The Origins of Cartography 50
G. Malcolm Lewis His Successors in the Sixth Century B.C.
The Impact ofNewTheories on Cartography from the
Sixth to the Fourth Century B.C.: Pythagoras,
4 Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old
Herodotus, and Democritus
World: Europe, the Middle East, and North
Theory into Practice: New Celestial Globes and Maps
Africa 54
in the Fourth Century B.C.
Prehistoric Maps and Historians of Cartography
Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by
The Source Material and Its Interpretation
Germaine Aujac
Recognition ofTopographical Maps by Antiquarians in
European Rock Art 9 The Growth of an Empirical Cartography in
The Classification of Prehistoric Maps from Europe, the Hellenistic Greece 148
Middle East, and North Africa in the Prehistoric Exploration and Discovery in the Reform ofthe World
Period Map
Topographical Maps The Measurement of the Earth and the World Map by
Celestial Maps Eratosthenes
Cosmological Maps The Dissemination of Cartographic Knowledge
Conclusion Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by
Catherine Delano Smith Germaine Aujac
v
VI Contents
10 Greek Cartography in the Early Roman World 14 Itineraries and Geographical Maps in the Early
161 and Late Roman Empires 234
Continuity and Change in Theoretical Cartography: Itineraries and the Peutinger Map
Polybius, Crates, and Hipparchus The Latin Geographical Manuscripts and
Maps and Globes in Education Their Maps
The Map of the InhabitedWorld Recommended by Maps as Decorative and Symbolic Images
Strabo The Use ofMaps in the Roman Period
Prepared by the editors from materials supplied by O. A. W. Dilke
Germaine Aujac
11 The Culmination of Greek Cartography in 15 Cartography in the Byzantine Empire 258
Ptolemy 177
Roman Influences: The Theodosian Map and the
Updating the World Map: Ptolemy's Criticism of Ravenna Cosmography
Marinus ofTyre Religious Cartography: Cosmas Indicopleustes and the
Ptolemy's Instructions for Mapmaking Map Mosaics
The Celestial Globe in the Almagest The Greek Revival and Ptolemy's Geography
The Climata in the Almagest The Greek Manuscripts ofPtolemy's Geography
The Geography O. A. W. Dilke with additionalmaterialsupplied by
Size and Dimensions ofthe Inhabited World in the the editors
Geography
Map Projections 16 Cartography in the Ancient World: A
Ptolemy as a Mapmaker: The Tables of Coordinates Conclusion 276
Cartographic Insights from Ptolemy's Topography: The
O. A. W. Dilke
Coordinates and the Regional Maps
Ptolemy's Topography in the Coordinates and Maps:
General Considerations
Ptolemy's Coordinates: The Examples ofthe British PART THREE Cartography in Medieval Europe and the
Isles and Italy Mediterranean 281
Ptolemy's Maps: Some Regional Examples
17 Medieval Maps: An Introduction 283
O. A. W. Dilke with additionalmaterialsupplied by
P. D. A. Harvey
the editors
18 Medieval Mappaemundi 286
12 Maps in the Service of the State: Roman The Context and Study ofMappaemundi
Cartography to the End of the Augustan Map and Text
Era 201 Terms
Etruscan Beginnings Realism versus Symbolism
Geographical and Cadastral Maps from the Republican Relationship ofMappaemundi to Other Medieval
Period Maps
Geographical Maps Problems in the Study ofMappaemundi
Agrippa's World Map Classification Systems
Cadastral Maps Main Periods ofMappaemundi
O. A. W. Dilke Macrobius to Isidore: The Late Greco-Roman and
Patristic Period
Bede to Lambert ofSaint-Orner
13 Roman Large-Scale Mapping in the Early Henry ofMainz to Richard ofHaldingham
Empire 212 Pietro Vesconte to Fra Mauro: The Transitional
Survey Methods ofthe Agrimensores Period to 1460
The Corpus Agrimensorum Themes in the Study of Mappaemundi
The Cadasters ofArausio Form
Large-Scale Town Maps: The Forma Urbis Romae Content and Meaning
Engineering Plans for Tunnels and Aqueducts Conclusions
O. A. W. Dilke DavidWoodward
Contents Vll
19 Portolan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century The Isolarii: Buondelmonti's Liber Insularum Arcipelagi
to 1500 371 Other Local Maps
Introduction Purpose and Use
The Origin and Compilation of the Portolan Charts Surveying and Mapping
Drafting Itinerary Maps and the DevelopmentofMaps Drawn
Stylistic Content to Scale
Hydrographic Development P. D. A. Harvey
Toponymic Development
The Business of Chartmaking 21 Concluding Remarks 502
The Function ofthe Portolan Charts Gaps and Discontinuities
Conclusions Cognitive Transformations
Tony Campbell Social Contexts
J. B. Harley and DavidWoodward
20 Local and Regional Cartography in Medieval
Europe 464 List of Contributors 511
Scope and Characteristics
Origins and Development Bibliographical Index 513
Maps ofPalestine and Its Cities
Maps ofItalian Cities General Index 559
Northern Italian DistrictMaps Jeffrey Pinkham

Illustrations
With Tables and Appendixes
COLOR PLATES 38 Itinerary map of Matthew Paris
(Following page 106) 39 Great Britain by Matthew Paris
1 The Star Fresco from Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan 40 The Gough map, ca. 1360
2 Map in the Book ofthe Two Ways
3 The Thera fresco
4 Fresco from the Boscoreale villa, near Pompeii
5 The Peutinger map: Rome
6 The Notitia Dignitatum: Britain
7 The Madaba mosaic map
8 Jerusalem on the Madaba mosaic map FIGURES
9 Map of the inhabited world from a thirteenth 4.1 Principal areas and sites associated with
century Byzantine manuscript of Ptolemy's prehistoric rock art in the Old World 56
Geography 4.2 The prehistoric and historical time scale 57
10 Emperor Charles IV with orb 4.3 The Rajum Hani' stone 61
11 Orb in the LastJudgment 4.4 Elements in a modern topographical map 62
12 The three sons of Noah 4.5 Cup-and-ring marks from Northumberland
13 The Beatus map from the Silos Apocalypse 65
14 The Duchy of Cornwall mappamundi 4.6 Kesslerloch bone plaques 65
15 Higden's mappamundi: Oval type, mid 4.7 Kesslerloch lignite ornament 65
fourteenth century 4.8 "Topographical figures" from Mont Bego 67
16 Vesconte's mappamundi, 1321 4.9 Picture with possible map elements from
17 Western Europe in the Catalan atlas Penalsordo, Badajoz, Spain 69
18 The Fra Mauro map 4.10 Rock paintings from La Pileta, Malaga,
19 Mappamundi of Pirrus de Noha Spain 69
20 Mappamundi of Giovanni Leardo, 1448 4.11 Picture with possible map elements from I-n
21 The world map of Andreas Walsperger Eten, Tassili Mountains, Algeria 70
22 The "Anglo-Saxon" map 4.12 Picture with possible map elements from the
23 An extended "normal-portolano" Tassili Mountains, Algeria 70
24 The 1439 Valseca chart 4.13 Picture with possible map elements: Side 4 of
25 A contemporary derivative of a portolan chart the Borno stone from Valcamonica 71
26 A Catalan chart in the Italian style 4.14 Paleolithic engraving on mammoth bone 71
27 An Italian chart in the Catalan style 4.15 The Tepe Gawra (Iraq) LandscapeJar 72
28 Representation of the Madonna and Child 4.16 Picture map on the Tepe Gawra (Iraq)
29 City flags Landscape Jar 72
30 The Carte Pisane 4.17 Picture map: The "Great Disk" from Talat
31 Portrait of a chartmaker N'Iisk, Morocco 73
32 The wheel diagram from the Catalan atlas 4.18 Picture map on the silver vase from Maikop,
33 Rome from an undated manuscript of Russia 73
Ptolemy's Geography 4.19 Picture map: The Neolithic wall painting from
34 Map of the district around Verona <::atal Hiiyiik, Turkey 74
35 Plan of the Isle of Thanet, Kent 4.20 Petroglyph map from Val Fontanalba, Mont
36 A portion of the boundary of the Duchy of Bego 74
Burgundy, 1460 4.21 Petroglyph map from Val Fontanalba, Mont
37 Map of Inclesmoor, Yorkshire Bego 74
IX
x Illustrations
4.22 Noncartographic petroglyph from Val 7.1 The main dynasties and periods of Egyptian
Fontanalba, Mont Bego 75 history 118
4.23 Simple topographical map from Seradina, 7.2 Rudimentary topographic designs on Egyptian
Italy 75 decorated pottery 118
4.24 Photograph of Capo di Ponte, Valcamonica 7.3 Plan of an Egyptian garden 119
76 7.4 Sekhet-Hetepet, or the "Fields of Peace" 119
4.25 Simple topographical map from Ponte San 7.5 Cosmographical map: The land of Egypt with
Rocco, Italy 77 the goddess Nut 120
4.26 The "Skin Hill Village" map from Val 7.6 Celestial map of the planets, constellations,
Fontanalba, Mont Bego 77 and zodiac 121
4.27 The "Monte Bego Village" 77 7.7 Map of gold mines from the Turin papyrus
4.28 Composite petroglyph map from Bedolina, 122
Valcamonica 79 7.8 The second section of the Turin papyrus 124
4.29 Petroglyph map from Giadighe, 7.9 Plan of Egyptian tomb from the Valley of the
Valcamonica 79 Kings 126
4.30 The Clapier rock, Italy 80 7.10 Papyrus plan of Egyptian tomb 127
4.31 The limestone sculpture from Tarxien, 7.11 Architectural drawing from D"ir al-Ba1)r"i 127
Malta 81 7.12 Schematic plan of dikes and canals in the
4.32 Cup marks on stones at Venslev, Denmark Faiyum 128
82 7.13 Plan of canal and palisade 129
4.33 Cup marks on stones at Dalby, Denmark 83 8.1 Reconstruction of the shield of Achilles from
4.34 The "Star Stone" from Tal Qadi, Malta 84 Homer's Iliad 131
4.35 Celestial ladders 86 8.2 Principal places associated with maps in the
4.36 Tree of Life representations 87 Greek world 133
4.37 Cosmographical sign on the Bagnolo stone 8.3 The Aegean (detail of fig. 8.2) 133
88 8.4 Asia Minor from the third century B.C. (detail
4.38 Cosmological map on a predynastic bowl of fig. 8.2) 133
from Egypt 89 8.5 Reconstruction of the world according to
4.39 Labyrinthlike rock painting from North Hecataeus 135
Africa 90 8.6 Reconstruction of Plato's spindle of
4.40 Cosmological painting from the Magourata necessity 138
cave, Bulgaria 90 8.7 Mine diagram from Thorikos, Attica 139
4.41 The Triora stela 90 8.8 The celestial circles 141
4.42 Cosmological map: The gold disk from 8.9 Reconstruction of latitude of observer 141
Moordorf 91 8.10 The Farnese Atlas 142
6.1 Principal places associated with maps in the 8.11 Detail of the Farnese Atlas 143
ancient Near East 108 8.12 Cosmas's schematic representation of the
6.2 The Gudea statue, ca. 2141-2122 B.C. 109 earth 144
6.3 The tablet on the Gudea statue 109 8.13 Aristotle's concept of the position and shape
6.4 Fragment of a city map, probably Babylon of the inhabited world 145
110 8.14 Aristotle's system of the winds 145
6.5 Fragment of a city map of Uruk 111 8.15 The "ever-visible circle" at 66°N (a) and at
6.6 Fragment of a city plan, possibly Tfibu 111 24°N (b) 146
6.7 Plan of Nippur, ca. 1500 B.C. 112 9.1 Pytheas's observation of the latitude of
6.8 Plan of fields from Nippur, ca. 1500 B.C. Marseilles 151
113 9.2 Reconstructed world map of Dicaearchus,
6.9 Map of Sippar and its surroundings, first third century B.C. 153
millennium B.C. 113 9.3 Timosthenes' system of the winds 153
6.10 The Babylonian world map, ca. 600 B.C. 9.4 Eratosthenes' measurement of the earth 155
114 9.5 The chlamys 156
6.11 Clay tablet map excavated at Yorgan Tepe 9.6 Reconstruction of Eratosthenes' Sphragides
114 157
6.12 The Louvre tablet map 115 9.7 Ionian coin map 158