The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations 1600–2000: Social and Cultural Perspectives

403 Pages·2002·4.13 MB·English

by  Gordon Daniels

The History of Anglo-Japanese
Relations 1600–2000
Social and Cultural Perspectives
Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki
Volume 5
The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000
The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000
General Editors: Chihiro Hosoyaand Ian Nish
The five volumes which make up the series The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations,
1600–2000, cover the relationship between these two island communities from the
first contacts at the start of the seventeenth century through to the end of the second
millennium. While the studies cover the Anglo-Japanese relationship over the past
four centuries, they tend to concentrate on features of the past 150 years. The volumes
have been prepared independently over the past five years by Japanese and non-
Japanese scholars who have met to debate and discuss their papers. These studies
analyse the rise and fall of these relations in four dimensions: political and diplo-
matic; economic and business; military and naval; and social and cultural.
Titles in the series:
Volume 1: THE POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION, 1600–1930
Ian Nish and Yoichi Kibata (editors)
Volume 2: THE POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION, 1931–2000
Ian Nish and Yoichi Kibata (editors)
Volume 3: THE MILITARY-NAVAL DIMENSION
Ian Gow and Yoichi Hirama (editors)
Volume 4: ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS RELATIONS
Janet Hunter and Shinya Sugiyama (editors)
Volume 5: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki (editors)
The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000
Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-79224-7
(outside North America only)
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire
RG21 6XS, England
The History of
Anglo-Japanese
Relations 1600–2000
Volume 5
Social and Cultural Perspectives
Edited by
Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki
Selection and editorial matter © Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki 2002
Chapter 1 © Gordon Daniels 2002
Chapter 2 © Chushichi Tsuzuki 2002
Chapter 14 © Gordon Daniels and Philip Charrier 2002
Remaining chapters © Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 978-0-333-79195-0
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First published 2002 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-41913-5 ISBN 978-0-230-37360-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230373600
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11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Contents
List of Table and Figures x
List of Plates xii
List of Contributors and their Affiliations xiii
Foreword xiv
Preface: International History – From Diplomacy to Culture xvi
Acknowledgements xvii
Note on Japanese Names xviii
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Elites, Governments and Citizens: Some British
Perceptions of Japan, 1850–2000 3
Gordon Daniels
2 The Changing Image of Britain among Japanese
Intellectuals 17
Chushichi Tsuzuki
Early images of Britain as a mighty colonial power 17
The Anglo-Satsuma War: from a Britain to be defied to
Britain as an ally 20
Liberal Britain and Meiji intellectuals 21
Britain and social democracy: Katayama Sen 22
Keir Hardie in Japan 24
The Webbs and Japan 25
Taisho democracy and Britain 26
Japanese Fabians 29
Nationalists and Britain: Kuga Katsunan and Kita Ikki 30
Kawai Eijiro and T. H. Green 31
The Pacific War and the post-war era 32
The Britain of the Labour Party 32
Japanese Fabians for Japan’s Economic Autonomy 34
The movement for nuclear disarmament 35
The ‘London Renaissance’ 36
Britain in the 1980s and 1990s 37
PART II THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND AFTER 41
3 Early Japanese Visitors to Victorian Britain 43
Andrew Cobbing
v
vi Contents
Early travels in the Edo period 43
The voyage to Europe 47
The Japanese in Britain 49
Return to Japan 51
Japanese images of Victorian Britain 54
4 The Rituals of Anglo-Japanese Diplomacy:
Imperial Audiences in Early Meiji Japan 60
John Breen
A historic audience 60
The problem 61
The emperor 61
The ritual structuring of international relations 65
Imperial audiences and internal relations of power 70
Conclusion 74
5 For the Triumph of the Cross: A Survey of the British
Missionary Movement in Japan, 1869–1945 77
Hamish Ion
British missionaries in Meiji Japan 81
Growing unease 86
War and reconciliation 91
Conclusion 94
6 Theatre Cultures in Contact: Britain and Japan
in the Meiji Period 103
Brian Powell
7 ‘To Adapt, or Not to Adapt’: Hamlet in Meiji Japan 118
Mark Williams and David Rycroft
Kanagaki Robun 126
Tsubouchi Shoyo 133
Conclusion 141
8 The British Discovery of Japanese Art 146
Yuko Kikuchi and Toshio Watanabe
Introduction 146
From ethnographical specimen to work of art:
mid-nineteenth-century recognition of Japanese art 147
Design theorists at international exhibitions (1860s–1870s) 151
Japanese art and British Aestheticism (1870s–1880s) 153
The vicissitudes of the British perception of Japanese art
(1800s– ) 156
Bernard Leach and the Anglo-Japanese aesthetic relationship 161
Contents vii
PART III TWENTIETH-CENTURY THEMES 171
9 The Modernist Inheritance in Japanese Social Studies:
Fukuzawa, Marxists and Otsuka Hisao 173
Kazuhiko Kondo
Fukuzawa’s concern and inheritance 173
Historical studies in Meiji Japan 175
Developmental history and national characteristics 178
Otsuka Hisao and Maruyama Masao 181
Conclusion 184
10 Japanese Feminism and British Influences: The Case of
Yamakawa Kikue (1890–1980) 189
Kei Imai
Preface 189
The Japanese ‘Bluestocking’ (Seito) and the beginning of
Japanese feminism 190
Yamakawa Kikue as a pioneer of modern feminism 191
Yamakawa’s perception of women workers in Britain and Japan 195
Yamakawa Kikue and Britain after the Second World War 200
Conclusion 202
PART IV THE INTER-WAR YEARS 207
11 New Liberalism and Welfare Economics: British
Influences and Japanese Intellectuals Between the Wars
– Fukuda Tokuzo and Ueda Teijiro 209
Tamotsu Nishizawa
Introduction 209
Two intellectual leaders 210
Background: from the German historical School to new
liberalism 211
Fukuda, Marshall and welfare economics 212
Ueda and new liberalism 215
12 Yanagi Muneyoshi (1889–1961) and the British
Medievalist Tradition 220
Toshio Kusamitsu
13 Yanaihara Tadao and the British Empire as a Model for
Colonial Reform 227
Susan C. Townsend
14 ‘Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation’: The BBC and
Japan, 1929–1939 246
Gordon Daniels and Philip Charrier
viii Contents
Introduction 246
1929–1931: Japan, China and the Soviet Union 248
The Manchurian Crisis, 1931–33 249
Manchukuo, 1934–35 252
Economic issues, 1933–35 254
The 26 February incident, 1936 256
The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936–37 257
Domestic politics and the China War, 1937–39 257
Conclusion 262
15 Anglo-Japanese Trade Union Relations Between
the Wars 265
Takao Matsumura
Awkward beginnings through the International Transport
Workers’ Federation 265
Japanese seamen’s ambivalence towards Japanese expansion
in China 268
Japan’s war with China and the British movement to
boycott Japanese Goods 270
16 British Writing on Contemporary Japan, 1924–1941:
Newspapers, Books, Reviews and Propaganda 281
Jon Pardoe
Introduction 281
Newspapers 281
Books 288
Japanese propaganda 301
Conclusion 301
Appendix: Japan in the pages of Punch, 1921–1938 305
PART V: THE POST-WAR ERA (1945–2000) 313
17 British Labour and Japanese Socialists: Convergence
and Divergence, 1945–1952 315
James Babb
Introduction 315
The assumption of power by the left in Britain and Japan 316
The issue of coal nationalization in Britain and Japan 318
The issue of the cost of economic recovery 319
Different paths confirmed: peace treaty and defence 322
Conclusions 327
18 Masking or Marking Britain’s Decline? The British
Council and Cultural Diplomacy in Japan, 1952–1970 330
Christopher Aldous
Selling British culture short 334
Contents ix
The promise of expansion 341
Rebranding Britain 346
Conclusion 347
19 Post-War Japan as a Model for British Reform 352
Kevin McCormick
Introduction 352
From the 1940s to the 1960s: considering Japan 353
From the 1970s to the 1980s: taking Japan more seriously 355
The 1990s: doubts and debates 368
Conclusions 369
Index 378