The History and Evolution of Tourism

168 Pages·2022·14.273 MB·English

by  Prokopis A. Christou

The History and T
h
e

Evolution of Tourism H
i
s
t
o
Prokopis A Christou
r
y

a
This book provides an overview of the history and evolution of tourism
n
to the present, and speculates on possible and probable change into
d
the future. It discusses significant travel, tourism and hospitality events
while referring to tourism-related notions and theories that have been
E
developed since the beginnings of tourism. Its scope moves beyond
v
a comprehensive historical account of facts and events. Instead, it o
bridges these with contemporary issues, challenges and concerns,
l
u
hence enabling readers to connect tourism past with the present and
t
future. This textbook aspires to enhance readers’ comprehension of
i
the perplexed system of tourism, promoting decision-making and even o
the development of new theories. n

Despite its academic orientation, the book is written in an approachable o
style enabling a clear and solid understanding of how tourism has f
The History and
evolved through the centuries. It uses several practitioner-linked, real-life T
examples and case studies derived from organizations and enterprises o
across all aspects of the tourism, travel and events industries. u
r Evolution of Tourism
This book will be of great interest to academics, practitioners and
i
s
students from a wide variety of disciplines, including tourism,
m
hospitality, events, sociology, psychology, philosophy, history and
human geography.
Prokopis A Christou
Christou
Front cover credit when needed:
Space for bar code with
ISBN included
The History and Evolution of Tourism

The History and Evolution of Tourism
Prokopis A. Christou
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
Nosworthy Way WeWork
Wallingford One Lincoln St
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE 24th Floor
UK Boston, MA 02111
USA
Tel: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected] Tel: [phone]
Website: www.cabi.org E-mail: [email protected]
© Prokopis A. Christou 2022. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the copyright owners.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those
of, and should not be attributed to, CAB International (CABI). CAB International and, where different,
the copyright owner shall not be liable for technical or other errors or omissions contained herein. The
information is supplied without obligation and on the understanding that any person who acts upon it,
or otherwise changes their position in reliance thereon, does so entirely at their own risk. Information
supplied is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional advice. The reader/user
accepts all risks and responsibility for losses, damages, costs and other consequences resulting directly
or indirectly from using this information.
CABI’s Terms and Conditions, including its full disclaimer, may be found at https://www.cabi.org/
terms-and-conditions/.
References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Christou, Prokopis A., 1978- author.
Title: The history and evolution of tourism / Prokopis A Christou.
Description: Oxfordshire ; Boston, MA : CABI, [2022] | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book provides an
overview of the history and evolution of tourism to the present, and
speculates on possible and probable change into the future. It uses
several practitioner-linked, real-life examples and case studies derived
from all aspects of the tourism, travel and events industries”--
Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021048913 (print) | LCCN 2021048914 (ebook) | ISBN
9781800621282 (hardback) | ISBN 9781800621299 (ebook) | ISBN
9781800621305 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Tourism--History. | Travel--History. | Sustainable tourism.
Classification: LCC G156 .C49 2022 (print) | LCC G156 (ebook) | DDC
338.4/791--dc23/eng/20211223
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048913
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048914
ISBN-13: 9781800621282 (hardback)
9781800621299 (ePDF)
9781800621305 (ePub)
DOI: 10.1079/9781800621282.0000
Commissioning Editor: Claire Parfitt
Editorial Assistant: Lauren Davies
Production Editor: Tim Kapp
Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in the UK by Severn, Gloucester
Contents
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgements xi
Biographical Note xii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Summary 1
1.2 Evolution and Tourism 1
1.3 Aim and Importance of the Book 5
1.4 Structure of the Book 7
References 9
2. The Ancient History of Tourism (c.9000 bc–ad 650) 12
2.1 Summary 12
2.2 Visits to Temples, Sites of Sacredness and Religious Tourism 13
2.3 Visits to Oracles and People for Advice and Direction 15
2.4 Festivals, Festivities and Events 15
2.5 Early Forms of Gardens and Zoos 17
2.6 Trade and Ancient Cultural Routes 18
2.7 The Sports and ‘Bloody’ Games Period 20
Case Study 2.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Travel Motivation 20
Questions 22
Case Study 2.2. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Satisfaction – an ancient human quest, and a concept of utmost importance
for the current and future tourism and hospitality industry 22
Questions 25
References 25
3. Tourism during Post-Classical Times (500–1500) 30
3.1 Summary 30
3.2 Medieval Pilgrimage Travels 31
The ‘tangibilization’ of the experience: souvenirs 32
v
vi Contents
3.3 Human Torture and Suffering as a Spectacle 32
3.4 Local Food and Delicacies for The Divine, Guests and Travellers –
The Birth of Gastronomy Tourism (?) 33
Cacao in festivals 33
Food from hospitable monks to travellers 33
Food markets 35
3.5 The Thematic and Representation of the Medieval in the Current
Tourism Scene 35
Case Study 3.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Macabre Spectacles and Displays – human suffering and death as a spectacle
and the representation of human suffering and torture 37
Questions 37
Case Study 3.2. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Spiritual and Religious Tourism – spiritual seeking and impacts on religious
places and sites 38
Questions 39
Case Study 3.3. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Gastronomy – the commercialization and globalization of local food delicacies
and gastronomic tourism experiences for tourist consumption 39
Questions 41
References 41
4. Tourism during the Early Modern Period (1500–1750) 45
4.1 Summary 45
4.2 The ‘Grand Tour’: The Establishment of the Travel/Route Itinerary and
Cultural Tourism 46
4.3 Early Forms of Exhibitions and Museums 47
Current challenges associated with cultural attractions and museums 49
Case Study 4.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Developing and Promoting a Cultural and Heritage Route – the Contiki
Tours case study 51
Questions 52
Case Study 4.2. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Modern Brand Museums – the Heineken Experience case study 52
Questions 53
References 53
5. Tourism during the Late Modern Period (1750–1945) 56
5.1 Summary 56
5.2 Trains as a Mode of Travel, Impacts and ‘Experiential’ Trains 57
5.3 ‘Luxury’ in Hospitality and Travel: The Cases of César Ritz, Orient Express
and Titanic 59
‘Luxury’ and ‘luxurious experiences’ in the current hospitality, travel and
tourism scene 60
The luxury triangle 61
Challenges associated with the provision of ‘luxurious’ tourist experiences 64
5.4 The Formation of Tour Operators, National and Regional Tourism Organizations 65
5.5 The Great Influenza Epidemic and Influence on Travel 66
5.6 World War I, Interwar Period, World War II: The Establishment of
‘Soldier/Uniform’, ‘War’ and ‘Battlefield’ Tourism 67
Case Study 5.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
A Regional Tourism Organization Case Study 68
Questions 70
Contents vii
Case Study 5.2. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
The Notion of ‘Luxury’ – offering luxurious service, products and experiences
within the context of hospitality and tourism 70
Questions 70
References 71
6. Tourism during the Contemporary Period (1945–Early 2020s) 76
6.1 Summary 76
6.2 The Growth of the Airline Industry and its Evolution 78
The current challenges facing the airline industry 79
6.3 Amusement Parks and Theme Parks 81
6.4 The ‘Cold War’ Period (Mid-1940s to Early 1990s) 82
6.5 The Hippies’ Counterculture and their Travels during the 1960s and 1970s 83
A visit to hippies’ Christiania in Denmark 84
6.6 Mass Participation in Tourism in the Decades after World War II and its Impacts 84
The steady rise of the Asian markets 84
The rise of leisure and coastal destinations 86
Uncontrolled tourism development during the 1970s and early 2000s,
the notions of ‘carrying capacity’ and ‘sustainability’ 88
Tourism impacts in the 2000s and 2010s, and the ‘greening’ of the
tourism sector 89
6.7 The Events of 9/11, Terrorism, and Impacts over the Travel Industry 93
6.8 The Growth of Niche Forms of Tourism 94
Ski and snowboard tourism 94
Film tourism 95
6.9 The Birth and Rise of the ‘Airbnb’ Phenomenon 95
6.10 The Pandemic of COVID-19 and Tourism Impacts 97
Tourist mobility and economic costs 98
Social and psychological costs, and impacts on the notion of ‘hospitality’ 98
6.11 How the Global Tourism and Hospitality Industry Reacted to and Addressed the
Challenges caused by COVID-19 100
The hospitality and travel industry stepping in, to help society 100
Measures and practices used by the tourism and hospitality industry 101
The days following the pandemic 104
Case Study 6.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
The Notion of ‘Quality’ – quality products, services and experiences, ISO and
quality of life in the hospitality, travel and tourism industry 104
Expectations and perceptions of quality and the SERVQUAL tool 106
The ISO story 107
‘Quality of life’ for people working in the hospitality and tourism industry 107
Questions 107
Case Study 6.2. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future: Tourism
Development at Leisure and Coastal Destinations, Impacts, Theories, and the Focus for
Sustainability and Rejuvenation 108
Plog’s ‘Rise and Fall’ of destinations 108
Tourism Area Life Cycle Model 109
Questions 110
Case Study 6.3. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Tourist Unethical and Unruly Behaviour, and Conflicts between Locals and Tourists 110
Doxey’s ‘Irridex’ or ‘Irritation index’ 111
Questions 112
viii Contents
Case Study 6.4. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Experiential cruises – the Royal Caribbean case study 112
Questions 113
References 113
7. The Future of Tourism and Hospitality (?) 124
7.1 Summary 124
7.2 Tourism in the Future (?) 125
Future impacts on tourism 126
Future impacts of tourism 131
The ceaseless human quest for satisfaction, fulfilment and the ‘new’ 133
The response of the industry and the academic community regarding new
tourism-related issues and changes 135
Case Study 7.1. Bridging the Tourism Past, with the Present and the Future:
Virtual Reality in Tourism and Hospitality – the First Airlines case study in Japan 137
Questions 137
References 138
Epilogue 143
Index 147
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1. Tour guiding at the foothills of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. 3
Fig. 1.2. Interrelated factors influencing tourism evolution. 4
Fig. 1.3. Examples of factors that have influenced and shaped tourism during
the 20th and 21st centuries. 4
Fig. 1.4. Physical and web spaces influencing and shaping tourism. 5
Fig. 2.1. Religious tourism sacred site of Fátima in Portugal. 14
Fig. 2.2. Human and animal connection within the context of tourism –
Open Animal Park in Australia in the early 1980s. 18
Fig. 2.3. Zoological parks – Parc Zoologique de Paris, France. 19
Fig. 2.4. The ancient city of Pompeii in Italy. 21
Fig. 3.1. Gastronomy and food tourism – Pastéis de Belém shop in Lisbon, Portugal. 34
Fig. 3.2. Christmas markets – Rathausplatz, Vienna, Austria. 36
Fig. 3.3. Food markets – Damnoen Saduak Floating Market, Thailand. 40
Fig. 4.1. Outdoor living museum – Sovereign Hill, Ballarat, Australia. 48
Fig. 4.2. Dark tourism and dark sites – Charles Bridge, Prague, Czech Republic. 50
Fig. 5.1. A ‘nostalgic’ sense at destinations, theme parks, hotels and restaurants –
Disneyland Paris, France. 58
Fig. 5.2. The ‘luxury’ element in hospitality, travel and tourism – Casino Resort
in Macau. 62
Fig. 5.3. The ‘luxury’ triangle within the context of hospitality and tourism. 63
Fig. 6.1. Airline contemporary challenges. 80
Fig. 6.2. Theme parks, experiences, emotions and senses – Disneyland. 82
Fig. 6.3. Regional and city tourism development, Hong Kong. 85
Fig. 6.4. Tourism and immigration – Southern Cross Hotel, Melbourne, Australia. 86
Fig. 6.5. International tourist arrivals by region (millions) from the early 1990s
to the late 2010s. 86
Fig. 6.6. Market share of international tourist arrivals per region. 87
Fig. 6.7. Arrivals of tourists in Cyprus from 1980 to 2019. 87
Fig. 6.8. Mass visitor numbers at sites of interest – Château de Versailles, France. 90
Fig. 6.9. Tourism as percentage of exports in 2019 – an international perspective. 91
Fig. 6.10. ‘Greening of tourism’ – Sheldrick Wildlife Trust in Nairobi, Kenya. 93
Fig. 6.11. S ki, snowboard and snow-linked tourism – Austrian Alps. 95
ix