The Histology of Domestic Animals

439 Pages·2013·18.47 MB·English

FUNDAMENTALS OF
The Histology of Domestic Animals

FUNDAMENTALS OF
THE HISTOLOGY OF
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Dr. med. vet. Alfred Trautmann
BY
PROFESSOR AT THE VETERINARY SCHOOL IN HANNOVER
Dr. med. and dipl. vet. Josef Fiebiger
AND
PROFESSOR AT THE VETERINARY SCHOoL IN VIENNA
Transla ted and Revised from the
Eighth and Ninth German Edition, 1949
Robert E. Habel, D.V.M., M.Sc.
BY
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY
NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
AND Ernst L. Biberstein, D.V.M.
BAILLIERE, TINDALL AND COX
7 AND 8 HENRIETTA ST., COVENT GARDEN}
LONDON, w.c.2
COPYRIGHT 1952 BY CORNELL UNIVERSITY
All rights reserved. This book, or any parts thereof,
must not be reproduced in any form without permission
in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who
wishes to quote brief passages in a review of the book.
This work is an authorized translation of A. Trautmann
and J. Fiebiger's Lehrbuch der Histalagie und vergleichenden
mikroskopischen .dnatomie der Haustiere (8th and ·9th ed.,
Berlin and Hamburg: Paul Parey, 1949).
First published 1952.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE
GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY, MENASHA, WISCONSIN
Preface
IN THE English-speaking world the histology of domestic animals has always
been taught without the aid of a textbook on the subject. The excellent text
books of human histology, while furnishing a valuable background for the veter
inary student, are deficitmt and often misleading in important particulars of ani
mal histology. This is especially true of the digestive and genital systems and of
the skin and its modifications. Even in the introductory discussions of the basic
tissues it is desirable from the standpoint of the veterinary student to draw the
examples from domestic animals.
This gap in our literature is hard to condone when we consider the importance
of special histology to the study of veterinary physiology and pathology. It is even
harder to understand in view of the fact that a histology of domestic animals has
been published in German for more than sixty years and is now in its ninth edi
tion. Wilhelm Ellenberger's Fundamentals oj Comparative Histology of the Domestic
Mammals appeared in 1888. It was a textbook based on a larger reference work
Handbook of Comparative Histology and Physiology-edited by Ellenberger. The third
edition of the Fundamentals (1908) was augmented by material from a new three
volume Handbook of Comparative Microscopic Anatomy of the Domestic Animals (1906-
1911), also edited by Ellenberger. After Ellenberger's death in 1928, his collabo
rator, Alfred Trautmann, brought out the sixth edition (1931) with the assistance
of Josef Fiebiger. The title was changed to Textbook oj Histology and Comparative
Microscopic Anatomy oj the Domestic Mammals. With the seventh edition in 1941, the
histology of birds-mostly the chicken-was added.
vi PREFACE
essary to consult the literature and attempt to reconcile the differences. This was
made somewhat difficult by the lack of a bibliography in the German edition, but
ample bibliographical material on the histology of domestic animals is available
in the reference works listed in the back of this book. Wherever it seemed advisable
to give the authority for a statement, a footnote has been added. References to
books repeatedly cited are given in abbreviated form in the footnotes, but complete
bibliographical information will be found in the annotated list of references men
tioned above. The appendix on microscopic technique has been omitted because
the subject is usually taught in special advanced courses, for which several good
books are available. The senior translator and editor assumes full responsibility
for the text in its final form. Criticism will be gratefully received.
The illustrations are the same as those in the ninth German edition, with cer
tain exceptions. The color plates of the blood cells and bone marrow cells were
painted by Miss Pat Barrow from dry smears stained routinely by ''''right's method.
Figures 288 and 329 required redrawing because of labeling difficulties. Figure
354, showing the tracts of the spinal cord of the cat, is printed by courtesy of Dr.
J. W. Papez. It first appeared in his Comparative Neurology (New York: T. y. Crow
ell Co., 1929).
We wish to thank the firm of Oliver and Boyd, Ltd., Edinburgh, for permission
to print a large portion of the table of blood counts prepared by H. H. Holman
for Boddie's Diagnostic Methods in Veterinary Medicine. We also wish to acknowledge
the assistance of the staff of Flower Library, of Drs. L. Z. Saunders, C. G. Rickard,
John Bentinck-Smith, and A. V. Machado, all of the Department of Pathology,
New York State Veterinary College, and of Dr. H. F. Parks, formerly of the De
partment of Zoology, Cornell University.
ROBERT E. HABEL
ERNST L. BIBERSTEIN
Ithaca, New York
October, 1950
Contents
Introduction 3
PART ONE, GENERAL HISTOLOGY
I. The Animal Cell. 7
A. The Structure of the Cell 7
1. The Cytoplasm 7
2. The Nucleus 10
B. Vital Phenomena of the Cell 12
1. Metabolism 12
2. Movement. 12
3. Irritability . 13
4. Reproduction 14
II. The Epithelial Tissues 19
The Structure of Animal Tissues 19
Epithelial Tissues . 20
'A. Surface and Protective Epithelia 23
1. Simple Epithelium 23
2. Stratified Epithelium 25
3. Pseudostratified Epithelium 28
B. Glandular Epithelium 28
C, Sensory Epithelium . 32
III. The Connecting and Supporting Tissues 33
A. Connective Tissue Proper 33
1. Embryonic Connective Tissue 35
2. Reticular Tissue 36
3. Fibrillar Connective Tissue 38
viii CONTENTS
a. Loose Connective Tissue 39
b. Membranous Connective Tissue 41
c. Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue 41
d. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue 42
4. Elastic Tissue 43
B. Adipose Tissue 44
C. Cartilage. 46
1. Hyaline Cartilage 46
*'
2. Elastic Cartilage 48
3. Fibrocartilage . 48
D. Bone . 50
1. Osseous Tissue . 50
2. Bones as Organs 54
3. Joints 56
4. Bone Development 56
a. Intramembranous Ossification. 57
b. Development of Bones Preformed in Cartilage 85
IV. Muscular Tissue . 62
A. Smooth Muscle 62
B. Striated Muscle 65
1. Skeletal Muscle 65
2. Cardiac Muscle 70
V. Nervous Tissue 73
A. Nerve Cells 73
B. Nerve Fibers 77
C. The Neuroglia 81
VI. Blood and Lymph 84
A. Blood. 84
1. Erythrocytes 84
2. Leukocytes . 86
a. Lymphocytes 88
b. Monocytes 88
c. Granulocytes, Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes 88
3. Platelets 91
4. Blood Formation 92
B. Lymph 95
CONTENTS IX
PART TWO, SPECIAL HISTOLOGY: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
VII. Introduction . 99
A. General Organology 99
B. The Animal Membranes 101
1. Simple Membranes 101
2. Composite Membranes 102
-.
VIII. The Circulatory System. 106
A. Blood Vessels 106
1. Capillaries 107
2. Arteries. lD9
3. Veins 111
B. Heart . 115
C. Lymphatics 118
IX. Blood-forming Organs 120
A. Lymphatic Organs 120
1. Subepithelial Lymph Nodules 120
a. Solitary Lymph Nodules 121
b. Aggregated Lymph Nodules 121
c. The Tonsils 121
2. Lymph Nodes 123
3. Spleen . 129
R Red Bone Marrow 135
X. Organs of Internal Secretion, the Endocrine Glands. 137
A. Thyroid Gland . 137
B. Parathyroid Glands . 139
C. Thymus . 141
D. Adrenal Glands and Chromaffin Tissue 142
E. Hypophysis Cerebri . 145
F. Epiphysis Cerebri 148
Xl. The Digestive System 153
A. Salivary Glands 153
B. Oral Cavity 160
1. Lips. 160
2. Cheeks 161
3. Hard Palate 162
X CONTENTS
4. Soft Palate . 162
5. Tongue. 164
Taste Buds 166
6. Gums 169
~ Theili 1W
Development of the Teeth . 174
C. Esophagus 177
D. Stomach. 180
1. The Forestomach of the Ruminant 181
a. Rumen' . 182
b. Reticulum 183
c. Omasum. 185
2. The Glandular Stomach 188
a. Tunica Mucosa . 188
b. Tunica Muscularis 195
E. The Intestinal Tract 199
1. Tunica Mucosa 199
a. Lamina Epithelialis 200
b. Lamina Propria . 205
c. Muscularis Mucosae 207
d. Submucosa 207
2. Tunica Muscularis 211
F. The Pancreas 216
G. The Liver 219
XII. The Respiratory System 230
A. Nasal Cavity. 230
1. Vestibular Region . 230
2. Respiratory Region 230
3. Olfactory Region 231
B. Pharynx 234
C. Larynx 234
D. Trachea 235
E. Lungs. 237
1. The Conducting System 238
2. Respiratory Structures 241