The Head and Neck Cancer Patient: Perioperative Care and Assessment, An Issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, Volume 30-4 PDF
Preview The Head and Neck Cancer Patient: Perioperative Care and Assessment, An Issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, Volume 30-4
The Head and Neck Cancer Patient: Neoplasm Management Editors ZVONIMIR L. MILAS THOMAS D. SHELLENBERGER ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA www.oralmaxsurgery.theclinics.com Consulting Editor RUI P. FERNANDES February 2019 • Volume 31 • Number 1 Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ELSEVIER 1600JohnF.KennedyBoulevard(cid:1)Suite1800(cid:1)Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,19103-2899 http://www.oralmaxsurgery.theclinics.com ORALANDMAXILLOFACIALSURGERYCLINICSOFNORTHAMERICAVolume31,Number1 February2019ISSN1042-3699,ISBN-13:978-0-323-65479-1 Editor:JohnVassallo;[email protected] DevelopmentalEditor:LauraFisher ª2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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TheHeadandNeckCancerPatient:NeoplasmManagement Contributors CONSULTING EDITOR RUIP.FERNANDES,MD,DMD,FACS, FRCS(Ed) ClinicalProfessorandChief,DivisionofHead andNeckSurgery,DepartmentsofOraland MaxillofacialSurgery,Neurosurgery,and OrthopaedicSurgery&Rehabilitation, UniversityofFloridaHealthScienceCenter, UniversityofFloridaCollegeofMedicine, Jacksonville,FL,USA EDITORS ZVONIMIRL.MILAS,MD,FACS THOMASD.SHELLENBERGER,DMD,MD, AssociateProfessor,Director,HeadandNeck FACS CancerCenter,DivisionofSurgicalOncology, HeadandNeckSurgicalOncologist,Divisionof LevineCancerInstitute,AtriumHealthcare, SurgicalOncology,BannerMDAnderson Charlotte,NorthCarolina,USA CancerCenter,Gilbert,Arizona,USA;Adjunct AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofHeadand NeckSurgery,TheUniversityofTexasMD AndersonCancerCenter,Houston,Texas,USA AUTHORS PAYAMAFZALI,DDS,MD CURTISM.BRYANT,MD,MPH DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery, AssistantProfessor,Departmentof UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan, RadiationOncology,UniversityofFlorida USA CollegeofMedicine,Gainesville,Florida, USA JULIEE.BAUMAN,MD,MPH Professor,Medicine,Chief,Divisionof HematologyandOncology,AssociateDirector, ERICR.CARLSON,DMD,MD,EdM,FACS TranslationalResearch,TheUniversityof ProfessorandKellyL.Krahwinkel ArizonaCancerCenter,Tucson,Arizona,USA Chairman,DepartmentofOraland RICHARDBRYANBELL,MD,DDS,FACS MaxillofacialSurgery,DirectorofOraland MedicalDirector,HeadandNeckSurgical MaxillofacialSurgeryResidencyProgram, Oncologist,EarleA.ChilesResearchInstitute, DirectorofOral/HeadandNeckOncologic RobertW.FranzCancerCenter,Providence SurgeryFellowshipProgram,The PortlandMedicalCenter,ProvidenceCancer UniversityofTennesseeCancer Institute,HeadandNeckInstitute,Portland, Institute,Knoxville,Tennessee, Oregon,USA USA Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. iv Contributors DANIELR.CARRIZOSA,MD,MS EDWARDS.KIM,MD,FACP SectionLeader,HeadandNeckDivision, Chair,SolidTumorOncologyand DepartmentofSolidTumorOncology,Levine InvestigationalTherapeutics,DonaldS.Kim CancerInstitute,Charlotte,NorthCarolina,USA DistinguishedChairforCancerResearch, LevineCancerInstitute,Charlotte,North ROIDAGAN,MD Carolina,USA AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofRadiation Oncology,UniversityofFloridaCollegeof ROMLEIDNER,MD Medicine,Gainesville,Florida,USA MedicalOncologist,EarleA.ChilesResearch Institute,RobertW.FranzCancerCenter, KYLES.ETTINGER,MD,DDS ProvidencePortlandMedicalCenter, MayoClinicScholar,DivisionofOral ProvidenceCancerInstitute,Portland,Oregon, andMaxillofacialSurgery,Departmentof USA Surgery,SectionofHeadandNeck OncologicSurgeryandReconstruction, ILYALIKHTEROV,MD MayoClinic,MayoCollegeofMedicine, Thyroid,HeadandNeckCancerFoundation, Rochester,Minnesota,USA;HeadandNeck DepartmentofOtolaryngologyHeadandNeck OncologicSurgeryandMicrovascular Surgery,MountSinaiBethIsrael,Department ReconstructionFellow,Departmentof ofOtolaryngologyHeadandNeckSurgery, OralandMaxillofacialSurgery,Divisionof IcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,New HeadandNeckSurgery,Universityof York,NewYork,USA FloridaCollegeofMedicine,Jacksonville, Florida,USA WILLIAMM.MENDENHALL,MD Professor,DepartmentofRadiationOncology, ZACHARYL.FARMER,MD UniversityofFloridaCollegeofMedicine, Fellow,LevineCancerInstitute,Charlotte, Gainesville,Florida,USA NorthCarolina,USA ANDREWT.MERAM,DDS,MD RUIP.FERNANDES,MD,DMD,FACS, AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofOraland FRCS(Ed) MaxillofacialSurgery/HeadandNeckSurgery, ClinicalProfessorandChief,DivisionofHead LouisianaStateUniversityHealthScience andNeckSurgery,DepartmentsofOraland Center,Shreveport,Louisiana,USA MaxillofacialSurgery,Neurosurgery,and OrthopaedicSurgery&Rehabilitation, RANDAOBID,BA UniversityofFloridaHealthScienceCenter, Student,MDProgram,GeorgeWashington UniversityofFloridaCollegeofMedicine, SchoolofMedicineandHealthSciences, Jacksonville,FL,USA Washington,DC,USA LAURENTGANRY,MD STAVANY.PATEL,DDS,MD HeadandNeckOncologicSurgeryand HeadandNeckOncologyandMicrovascular MicrovascularReconstructionFellow, ReconstructiveSurgeryFellow,Departmentof DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery, OralandMaxillofacialSurgery/Headand DivisionofHeadandNeckSurgery,University NeckSurgery,LouisianaStateUniversity ofFloridaCollegeofMedicine,Jacksonville, HealthScienceCenter,Shreveport,Louisiana, Florida,USA;DepartmentofMaxillo-facial, USA Plastic,ReconstructiveandAestheticSurgery, HenriMondorHospital,Cre´teil,France MAGIREDLICH,BSN NurseNavigator,CaseManagement,BannerMD DONGSOOD.KIM,DMD,MD,FACS AndersonCancerCenter,Gilbert,Arizona,USA ProfessorandChief,DivisionofHeadandNeck Oncology,MicrovascularReconstructive ANSLEYM.ROCHE,MD Surgery,DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacial DepartmentofOtolaryngologyHeadandNeck Surgery/HeadandNeckSurgery, Surgery,DonaldandBarbaraZuckerSchoolof LouisianaStateUniversityHealth MedicineatHofstra/Northwell,Northwell ScienceCenter,Shreveport,Louisiana,USA Health,StatenIsland,NewYork,USA Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contributors v THOMASSCHLIEVE,DDS,MD CHAFEEKTOMEH,MD,MPH,FACS AssistantProfessor,DirectorofOraland HeadandNeckSurgicalOncologist, MaxillofacialSurgeryResidencyProgram, DivisionofSurgicalOncology,BannerMD DivisionofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery,The AndersonCancerCenter,Gilbert,Arizona, UniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedical USA School,ParklandMemorialHospital,Dallas, Texas,USA MARKL.URKEN,MD Thyroid,HeadandNeckCancer FELIXSIM,MBBS,BDS,FRACDS(OMS) Foundation,DepartmentofOtolaryngology DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery, HeadandNeckSurgery,MountSinai TheRoyalMelbourneHospital,Parkville,Victoria, BethIsrael,DepartmentofOtolaryngology Australia;DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacial HeadandNeckSurgery,IcahnSchoolof Surgery,MonashHealth,BentleighEast, MedicineatMountSinai,NewYork,NewYork, Victoria,Australia;OralandMaxillofacialSurgery USA Unit,BarwonHealth,Geelong,Victoria,Australia SIMRANK.SINDHU,DO BRENTBENSONWARD,DDS,MD AssistantProfessor,Medicine,TheUniversity DepartmentofOralandMaxillofacialSurgery, ofArizonaCancerCenter,Tucson,Arizona, UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan, USA USA Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. TheHeadandNeckCancerPatient:NeoplasmManagement Contents Preface: The HeadandNeck CancerPatient: Neoplasm Management xi ZvonimirL.MilasandThomasD.Shellenberger TheTreatmentof Laryngeal Cancer 1 RandaObid,MagiRedlich,andChafeekTomeh Successfulmanagementoflaryngealcancerdependsoncarefulpretreatmenteval- uationofpatientanddiseasefactorstoarriveataccuratestaging,leadingtoappro- priate treatment selection for patients with this highly impacting disease. Surgical modalities, including transoral laser microsurgery, open partial laryngectomy, and totallaryngectomy,offeroptions,aloneorincombinationwithradiationandchemo- therapy.Treatmentstrategyforlaryngealcancershouldstriveforcurewhilemain- taining thebest quality of life possiblefor the patient. Achieving the goals ofinitial and salvage treatment for laryngeal cancer depends on executing a plan of care determinedbytheexpertiseofthemultidisciplinaryteam. OralCavityCancer 13 KyleS.Ettinger,LaurentGanry,andRuiP.Fernandes Management of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma has become increasingly drivenbyemergingevidenceasaresultoftheimprovedqualityofclinicalresearch associating clinicopathologic risk factors with oncologic and survival outcomes. Multiple significant recent changes to treatment guidelines and staging algorithms for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma reflect evolving understanding of tumor biology and the need for adequately extensive treatment of aggressive disease. Thisarticleprovidesclinicianswithasynopsisofthemostcontemporarymanage- mentstrategiesfororalcavitysquamouscellcarcinoma,framedwithinthecontext ofhistoricaltreatmentphilosophies. Radiation Oncologyfor Headand NeckCancer: CurrentStandardsand Future Changes 31 WilliamM.Mendenhall,RoiDagan,CurtisM.Bryant,andRuiP.Fernandes Treatmentofheadandneckcancerwithcurativeintentconsistsofsurgeryand/or radiotherapy (RT) sometimes combined with adjuvant chemotherapy depending on the tumor site, extent, and histology. Herein, the authors review the role of RT in the management of head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). TheauthorsfocusontheoutcomesofdefinitiveRTand,dependingontheprimary site,postoperativeRT.Unlessotherwisespecified,outcomesdatacitedarefromthe UniversityofFlorida. SoftTissueReconstruction for Headand NeckAblative Defects 39 StavanY.Patel,AndrewT.Meram,andDongsooD.Kim Softtissuereconstructionofheadandneckablativedefectsisabroad,challenging, andsubjectivetopic.Theauthorsoutlinegoalstokeepinmindwhendecidingona primary reconstructive option for defects created by oncologic resection. Factors considered in local, regional, and distant flap selection are discussed. Based on the goals of reconstruction and factors involved in flap selection, a defect-based Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents viii reconstructive algorithm is developed to help choose the ideal reconstructive op- tion.Theauthorsalsodiscussindications,pearls,pitfalls,andchallengesinthehar- vestandinsetofcommonlyusedsofttissueflapsforheadandneckreconstructive surgery. Managementof theNeck inOralSquamous CellCarcinoma: Background, Classification, and CurrentPhilosophy 69 PayamAfzaliandBrentBensonWard Nodal metastasis is the single most prognostic determinant in patients with oral squamouscellcarcinoma (OSCC). Nodal metastasisisthesingle most prognostic determinantinpatientswithOSCC.Thedecisionfortheextentoftheneckdissec- tion is tailored to tumor-specific characteristics, which dictate the probability and extent of nodal metastasis, including tumor size, location, histopathologic charac- teristics, and the presence orabsence ofclinical nodal disease. These factors are toolstoaiddiagnosticiansintheirdecisionmakingforindividualpatients. Immunotherapy forHeadand Neck Cancer 85 FelixSim,RomLeidner,andRichardBryanBell Theimmunesystemhasavitalroleinthedevelopment,establishment,andprogres- sionofheadandnecksquamouscellcarcinoma(HNSCC).Immuneevasionofcan- cer cells leads to progression of HNSCC. An understanding of this mechanism providesthebasisforimprovedtherapiesandoutcomesforpatients.Throughthe tumor’s influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited topromotemetastasis,angiogenesis,andgrowth.Thisarticleprovidesanoverview oftheinteractionbetweenimmuneinfiltratingcellsinthetumormicroenvironment, andtheimmunologicprinciplesrelatedtoHNSCC.Currentimmunotherapeuticstra- tegiesandemergingresultsfromongoingclinicaltrialsarepresented. ContemporaryOsseousReconstruction of theMandible andtheMaxilla 101 IlyaLikhterov,AnsleyM.Roche,andMarkL.Urken Cancersoftheoralcavityandparanasalsinusesoftenrequireablativesurgerywith adjuvanttherapyinmostcases.Large,postablativedefectsofthemandibleandthe maxilla present several challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Functional and cosmetically satisfactory restoration requires a thorough understanding of the un- derlyingdisease process,a firm graspofthe nuancesofhead and neckanatomy, and an ability to plan and execute a reconstruction with the most suitable tissue foreachparticularpatient.Theauthorsoutlinethecomponentsofosseousrecon- structionofthefacialskeletonwithabiastowardtechniquesandapproachesthat areparticularlyuseful. GeneTherapyinHead andNeck Cancer 117 ZacharyL.Farmer,EdwardS.Kim,andDanielR.Carrizosa Althoughoverallcancer deathrates are decreasing,comparative improvementsin headandnecksquamouscellcanceraremodest.Althoughnewadvancestargeting immunecheckpointsmaysoonimprovethesenumbers,additionalresearchfornew therapeuticoptionsisvital.Onepotentialtreatmentavenueistheuseofgenether- apy. This article provides insight into some gene therapy targets and varied tech- niques being evaluated for patients with head and neck cancer. Techniques Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Contents ix include corrective gene therapy, cytoreductive gene therapy, and gene editing, in additiontoadiscussionongenetherapyvectors. SalivaryGlandMalignancies 125 EricR.CarlsonandThomasSchlieve Salivaryglandtumorsarerarepathologicentitiesthatarederivedfrommajorandmi- norsalivaryglandtissuelocatedthroughouttheheadandneckregion.Thesetumors are distinctly heterogenous, comprising numerous cell types, especially those deemed malignant. The incidence of malignant salivary gland tumors is widely distributedinbothadultandpediatricpatientpopulations.Accuratediagnosisand optimaltreatmentofthesetumorsposechallengestobothinterpretingpathologists andablativesurgeons.Thisarticleexaminestheepidemiologyandpathologyofma- lignant tumors of the major and minor salivary glands and provides recommenda- tionsforthemostsuccessfultreatmentapproaches. Current Concepts inChemotherapy for HeadandNeck Cancer 145 SimranK.SindhuandJulieE.Bauman This article highlights the evidence-based data to support systemic treatment op- tionsforpatientswithheadandnecksquamouscellcarcinoma(HNSCC).Thedis- coveryofthehumanpapillomavirusepidemicinHNSCCanditsfavorableprognosis hasledtoamajorfocusofresearch.Patientsarestratifiedintoclinicalorpathologic riskcategoriesandenrolledintrialscomparingstandardtreatmentparadigmswith deintensification, in low-risk disease, or to intensification, in intermediate-risk or high-risk disease. Immunotherapy has proven beneficial in second-line palliative therapyandisunderinvestigationinfirst-linepalliativetherapyandasacomponent ofdefinitive,multimodalitytherapyforhigh-riskpatients. Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. x TheHeadandNeckCancerPatient:NeoplasmManagement ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA FORTHCOMINGISSUES RECENTISSUES May2019 November 2018 Dental Implants, Part I: Reconstruction The Head and Neck Cancer Patient: OleT.Jensen,Editor Perioperative Care and Assessment ZvonimirL.MilasandThomasD.Shellenberger, August 2019 Dental Implants, Part II: Computer Editors Technology August 2018 OleT.Jensen,Editor Current Controversies in the Management ofTemporomandibular Disorders November 2019 DanielM.Laskinand Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ShravanKumarRenapurkar,Editors JoseM.Marchena,JonathanW.Shum,and JonathonS.Jundt,Editors May2018 Anesthesia DavidW.ToddandRobertC.Bosack,Editors SERIESOFRELATEDINTEREST Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryClinics www.oralmaxsurgeryatlas.theclinics.com Dental Clinics www.dental.theclinics.com THECLINICSARENOWAVAILABLEONLINE! Accessyoursubscriptionat: www.theclinics.com Copyright ©2018. Elsevier Inc. 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