The Harper encyclopedia of military history : from 3500 BC to the present

1667 Pages·1993·91.639 MB·English

by  R Ernest Dupuy, Trevor N Dupuy

The HARPER
ENCYCLOPEDIA 0/
M ILITARY
H ISTO RY
From to the Present
3500 B.C.
R. Ernest Dupuy
and
Trevor N. Dupuy
FOURTH EDITION
HarperCoIlin^Publishers
Books by R. E. Dupuy and T. N. Dupuy
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MILITARY HISTORY FROM 3500 B.C. TO THE PRESENT
AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
COMPACT HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
COMPACT HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR
BRAVE MEN AND GREAT CAPTAINS
MILITARY HERITAGE OF AMERICA
TO THE COLORS
Books by R. E. Dupuy
THE NATIONAL GUARD
COMPACT HISTORY OF WORLD WAR II
COMPACT HISTORY OF THE LITTLE WARS OF THE UNITED STATES
(with William H. Baumer)
FIVE DAYS TO WAR
BATTLE OF HUBBARDTON
SYLVANUS THAYER
COMPACT HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY
MEN OF WEST POINT
LION IN THE WAY
CIVILIAN DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES
(with Hodding Carter)
WHERE THEY HAVE TROD
PERISH BY THE SWORD
WORLD IN ARMS
GOVERNORS ISLAND, 1637—1937
IF WAR COMES
(with George Fielding Eliot)
WITH THE 57th IN FRANCE
Books by T. N. Dupuy
THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
REVOLUTIONARY WAR LAND BATTLES
(with Gay M. Hammerman)
REVOLUTIONARY WAR NAVAL BATTLES
(with Grace P. Hayes)
MODERN LIBRARIES FOR MODERN COLLEGES
COLLEGE LIBRARIES IN FERMENT
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR
MILITARY HISTORY OF WORLD WAR I
MILITARY HISTORY OF WORLD WAR II
HOLIDAYS
CIVIL WAR NAVAL ACTIONS
CIVIL WAR LAND BATTLES
CAMPAIGNS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND OF NAPOLEON
FAITHFUL AND TRUE
MILITARY LIVES------ALEXANDER THE GREAT TO WINSTON CHURCHILL
ALMANAC OF WORLD MILITARY POWER
(ed., with John A. C. Andrews and Grace P. Hayes)
A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT
(ed., with Gay M. Hammerman)
PEOPLE AND EVENTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
(with Gay M. Hammerman)
MONGOLIA
A GENIUS FOR WAR! THE GERMAN ARMY AND GENERAL STAFF, 1807—1945
NUMBERS, PREDICTIONS, AND WAR
elusive victory: the arab-israeli w ars, 1947-1974
THE EVOLUTION OF WEAPONS AND WARFARE
GREAT BATTLES OF THE EASTERN FRONT
(with Paul Martell)
OPTIONS OF COMMAND
FLAWED VICTORY! THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT AND THE 1982 WAR IN LEBANON
(with Paul Martell)
UNDERSTANDING WAR: HISTORY AND THEORY OF COMBAT
DICTIONARY OF MILITARY TERMS
(with Curt Johnson and Grace P. Hayes)
UNDERSTANDING DEFEAT
attrition: forecasting battle casualties and equipm ent losses in m odern w ar
IF WAR COMES, HOW TO DEFEAT SADDAM HUSSEIN
(with Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard, and Arnold C. Dupuy)
FUTURE WARS
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MILITARY BIOGRAPHY
(with Curt Johnson and David L. Bongard)
Consultants and Contributors
Richard C. Anderson, Jr., Senior Historian, The Dupuy Institute
David I. Bongard, Senior Historian, The Dupuy Institute
D.G.E. Hall, Professor Emeritus of History, London University
John D. Hayes, Rear Admiral, United States Navy, Rtd.
Harold C. Hinton, Professor of Political Science, George Washington University
James D. Hittle, Brigadier General, United States Marine Corps, Rtd.
C. Curtiss Johnson, Vice President, Research, HERO-TNDA, Inc.
W. Barton Leach, Brigadier General, United States Air Force Reserve, Rtd., Story Professor of
Law, Harvard University
Louis Morton, Professor of History, Dartmouth University
John F. Sloan, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army, Rtd.
Chester G. Starr, Professor of History, University of Illinois
Thomas D. Stamps, Brigadier General, United States Army, Rtd., Professor Emeritus of Military
Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy
Charles H. Taylor, H.C. Lea Professor of Medieval History, Harvard University
Frederick Todd, Curator Emeritus, United States Military Academy Museum
To the memory of
Theodore A yrault D odge and John Frederick Charles Fuller,
who pointed the way
FIRST EDITION
( ). Copyright © 1993 by Trevor N. Dupuy.
the harper encyclopedia of military history Fourth Edition
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or
reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt, 1916—
The Harper encyclopedia of military history : from 3500 to the present /
b.c.
Trevor N. Dupuy and Ernest R. Dupuy. —
4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-06-270056-1
1. Military history—Dictionaries. 2. Military art and science—History—
Dictionaries. I. Dupuy, Ernest R. (Richard Ernest), 1887-1975. II. Title.
D25.D86 1993
35 5'.009—dc20 92-17853
93 94 95 96 97 PS/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Revised Edition xv
Preface to the Revised Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Organization of This Book and Its Use xxi
I. The Dawn of Military History: to 600 b.c. 1
II. War Becomes an Art: 600-400 b.c. 19
III. The Era of the Giants: 400-200 b.c. 42
IV. The Rise of Great Empires in East and West: 200-1b .c. 91
V. The Pax Romana: a.d. 1-200 135
VI. The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Cavalry: 200-400 147
VII. The Opening of the Middle Ages: 400-600 181
VIII. The Rise and Containment of Islam: 600-800 216
IX. The Dark Ages—Battle-Ax and Mace: 800-1000 263
X. The Return of Skill to Warfare: 1000-1200 301
XI. The Age of the Mongols: 1200-1400 357
XII. The End of the Middle Ages: 1400-1500 434
XIII. Spanish Square and Ship-of-the-Line: 1500-1600 489
XIV. The Beginning of Modern Warfare: 1600-1700 571
XV. The Military Supremacy of Europe: 1700-1750 666
XVI. The Dominance of Maneuver on Land and Sea: 1750-1800 725
XVII. The Era of Napoleon: 1800-1850 798
XVIII. The Emergence of the Professional: 1850-1900 898
XIX. World War I and the Era of Total War: 1900-1925 1003
XX. World War II and the Dawn of the Nuclear Age:1 925-1945 1110
XXI. Superpowers in the Nuclear Age: 1945-1975 1310
XXII. Dominance of Technology: 1975-1990 1469
Bibliography 1573
General Index 1585
Index of Wars 1625
Index of Battles and Sieges 1639
vii
MAPS
Eastern Mediterranean, c. 1200 b.c. 6 The Mongol Empire (late 13th Century) 364
Ancient India 15 Khwarezmian Empire 365
Ancient China 16 Mongol Invasion of Europe 376
Persian Empire, c. 500 b.c. 24 Battle of Crecy 385
Battle of Marathon 28 Battle of Poitiers 388
Battle of Salamis 31 Europe, c. 1200 392
Battle of Leuctra 48 The Hanseatic League and the
Battle of Arbela 56 Teutonic Knights 404
Alexander's Conquests 57 Constantinople 414
The Kingdoms of the Diadochi 59 Europe in the Middle of the 15th Century 446
Hannibal's Theatre of Operations 69 Battle of Agincourt 449
Battle of the Trebia 70 The Armada 508
Battle of Lake Trasimene 71 Ottoman Empire, c. 1550 538
Battle of Cannae 73 Battle of Lepanto 548
Battle of the Metaurus 77 Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Empires 567
Battle of Zama 78 Fortification and Siegecraft 574
Mauryan Empire under Asoka, c. 250 b.c. 85 Germany During the Thirty Years' War 584
Battle of Cynocephalae 95 Battle of Breitenfeld 588
Battle of Chaeronea 103 Battle of Liitzen 590
The Roman Empire First Century b.c. 106 Battle of Blenheim 680
Siege of Alesia 117 Growth of Russia to 1725 706
Battle of Pharsalus 121 Mogul India at Its Greatest Extent under
Battle of Actium 127 Aurungzeb, 1707 712
The Han Empire 132 The Seven Years' War 730
The Height of Ancient Civilization Battle of Prague 731
(c. a.d. 150) 136 Battle of Rossbach 733
The Ancient World, c. 400 148 Battle of Leuthen 734
China under the Hans and the Battle of Torgau 737
Three Kingdoms 179 The North Italy Campaign of 1796-1797 749
Battle of Chalons 190 Battle of Rivoli, Alvintzy's Second Advance 751
The Byzantine Empire under Justinian 201 Manchu Empire at Its Greatest Extent under
The Growth of the Carolingian Empire 224 Ch'ien Lung, 1795 770
The Mohammedan World, c. 732 248 The Revolutionary War 776
Eastern and Southern Asia, c. a.d. 750 256 Battles of Saratoga: Freeman's Farm, Bemis
Byzantine Themes, c. 950 284 Heights 780
Battle of Hastings 311 The Siege of Yorktown 788
Islam and Christendom on the Eve of the Marengo 814
Crusades 338 Ulm Campaign 816
Asia Minor and the States of the Crusaders The German and Austrian Campaigns of
in Syria, c. 1140 341 Napoleon: 1805-1807, 1809, and 1813 817
Asia, c. 1030 350 Battle of Austerlitz 818
IX
MAPS
X
Battle of Trafalgar 819 Battle of Tannenberg 1031
Jena Campaign 820 The Western Front, 1914-1918 1038
Battle of Eylau 821 The Italian Front, 1915-1918 1039
Battle of Friedland 822 East European Fronts, 1914—1918 1041
Peninsular War, 1809-1814 824 Gallipoli Campaign 1044
Battle of Wagram 826 Middle East Fronts, 1914-1918 1047
Europe in 1811 827 The Phases of the Battle of Jutland 1058
The Russian Campaign, 1812 828 Hutier Offensive Tactics 1065
Battle of Borodino 829 German Drives, 1918 1070
Battle of Dresden 832 Meuse—Argonne Offensive 1077
Battle of Leipzig 833 Division of Spain, August-September,
Battle of Ligny and Quatre-Bras 840 1936 1128
Battle of Waterloo 841 Campaign in Poland, 1939 1150
War of 1812, Northern Theatre 871 Campaign in the West, 1940, First Phase 1159
War of 1812, Operations around Campaign in the West, Situation May 21,
Washington and Baltimore, August 19— 1940, and Approximate Allied Lines
September 17, 1814 877 May 16 and 18 1161
The Mexican War 883 Battle of France, Second Phase 1164
Battle of Buena Vista 885 Campaigns in Egypt and Libya,
The Mexican War: Scott's Campaign, September 13, 1940-June 17, 1941 1173
August 12-September 14, 1847 888 Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece 1176
Independence Movements in Latin America 890 German Summer Offensive of 1941 1181
The War of 1866 909 German Advance in Russia, September-
The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 912 December, 1941 1182
South African War 934 Campaigns in Egypt and Libya,
The American Civil War, 1861-1865 954 November 18, 1941—July 7, 1942 1186
Jackson's Valley Campaign 958 Landings in North Africa, November 8—11,
Seven Days' Battle 960 1942; Advance into Tunisia, November-
Second Bull Run Campaign 961 December, 1942 1188
Second Battle of Bull Run 961 German Offensive in Russia, 1942 1191
Antietam Campaign 963 Invasion of Sicily, July—August, 1943 1199
Battle of Antietam 963 Invasion of Italy, Situation October 8, 1943,
Henry and Donelson Campaign 965 and Operations since September 3 1201
Vicksburg Campaign 969 Italy: Volturno, Winter Line, and Anzio
Battle of Chancellorsville 969 Campaigns, October, 1943-June, 1944 1202
Battle of Gettysburg 971 The Russo-German Front, 1942—1943 1203
Battle of Chattanooga 975 Operation “Overlord," June—July, 1944 1209
Wilderness Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor Breakout and Pursuit, Northern France,
Campaign 978 July—September, 1944 1212
Crossing the James River 980 Campaign in Southern France, Situation
Petersburg Campaign 983 August 22, 1944, and Operations since
Atlanta Campaign 985 August 15 1213
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 1009 Ardennes Campaign, December 16, 1944—
Central Europe: Army Concentrations and January 16, 1945 1217
Opposing Plans, July, 1914 1021 Russian Conquest of Eastern Europe,
Battles of the Frontiers and German October, 1944-April, 1945 1219
Advance to the Marne 1025 Rhineland and Ruhr Campaigns,
Battle of the Marne 1028 January 15—April 1, 1945 1224
MAPS xi
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 1234 South Vietnam 1326
Japanese Offensives in Asia, 1941-1942 1236 Israel and Occupied Territories, 1967-
The Invasion of Burma, 1942 1241 1974 1336
Bataan and Corregidor 1246 Korea: United Nations Defensive, June-
Battle of Guadalcanal 1249 September, 1950 1355
Battle of Midway 1254 Korea: United Nations Offensive,
Isolation of Rabaul, Operations August, September-November, 1950 1357
1942- March, 1944 1265 Korea: United Nations Counteroffensive,
Operations on New Guinea 1266 January-April, 1951; Communist Spring
Central Pacific Operations, November, Offensive, April 22-May 22, 1951 1361
1943- June, 1944 1271 Korea: United Nations Counteroffensive,
Japanese Counteroffensive in China, 1944 1280 May 22-July 8, 1951; Stalemate
Battle for Leyte Gulf 1290 Armistice Line, July 28, 1953 1363
Final Operations in Burma, 1944-1945 1295 Falkland Islands 1472
Reconquest of the Philippines, 1945 1299 Gulf War 1481
Battle of Iwo Jima 1302 Central America 1484
The Okinawa Campaign 1304 Lebanon l506
South Vietnam in Southeast Asia 1322 Operation Just Cause 1555
PREFACE TO THE
FOURTH EDITION
It is now more than thirty years since my father and I began to work on The Encyclopedia of
Military History, and almost twenty-two years since we completed the first edition. The accep­
tance of that work as a standard reference by the scholarly community was gratifying to both of
us, particularly since we were so acutely aware of its shortcomings. So, we had barely finished
that first edition before we were at work on a revised edition, attempting to correct those errors
and fill those gaps of which we were aware, and those also brought to our attention by
constructive critics. Sadly, my father died before that revised edition appeared.
But the world has not stood still. Wars and other events of military significance have occurred
with the passage of years—as they always have. And I have found more of the gaps and errors
inevitable in a fact-filled work as massive as this. So to keep up with these events, it became
necessary to produce a Second Revised (or Third) Edition.
The impetus for going through this process once more—and more comprehensively—came
from a visit to China in 1988, and was reinforced by another visit to that country in 1989. When
visiting the excavation site where not long ago Chinese archaeologists found the famous life-
size terra-cotta soldiers of Emperor Shih Huang Ti, founder of China's Ch'in Dynasty in 222
b.c., I was suddenly struck by something that I knew but had never previously thought about:
Chinese armies were making effective use of sophisticated cross-bows a millenium before these
weapons were significant in Western warfare. That led me to do some research, which in turn
caused me to change substantial portions of the early chapters of this book. I sent the draft of
these changes to scholars at the Chinese Academy of Military Science, just outside Beijing, for
comment. I received the benefit of their comments in an all-day session at the Academy in July
1989. (Particularly significant in that meeting was that the Chinese historians convinced me
that recent archaeological work had finally confirmed the true identity of the famed military
philosopher Sun Tse.) The result was further changes and additions to the revisions I had made
the previous year.
Soon after I returned from China, I informed Mr. M. S. (“Buz”) Wyeth, executive editor at
Harper & Row (now HarperCollins) of these changes, as well as others that I felt should be
made. (Buz has shepherded this project, from the publisher's standpoint, from its inception: a
conversation I had with him and the legendary Cass Canfield.) Buz and I agreed that the time
had come for a truly comprehensive revision of the encyclopedia. And so, with the assistance of
several colleagues, I set about that task, which is now finished—even though I recognize that it
will never be complete. I am particularly indebted to David L. Bongard, not only for his
xiii