The Hanlin Academy - Training Ground for the Ambitious, 1644-1850 PDF
Preview The Hanlin Academy - Training Ground for the Ambitious, 1644-1850
The Hanlin Academy TheH anlAicna dyen1 TrainGirnogu ndt hfAeom rb itious 1644-1850 by AdaYmu en-cLhuuin g 1981 ArchBoono ks Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lui, Adam Yuen-chung. The Hanlin Academy. Bibliography: p. 1. Han lin yiian. 2. China-Officials and employees -Appointment, qualifications, tenure, etc. I. Title. JQ1512.Z55L84 354.510685 80-24259 ISBN 0-208-01833-6 © Adam Yuen-chung Lui 1981 First published 1981 as an Archon Book, an imprint of The Shoe String Press, Inc., Hamden, Connecticut 06514 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Contents Page Illustrations Vll Tables Vlll Preface Xlll Acknowledgements xv Part One The Hanlin Academy as an Institution I Introduction 1 II Education, Examination, and Admittance to the Hanlin Academy 17 III Functions and Influence of the Hanlin Members 29 Part Two Career Patterns of Scholar-Officials IV General Features of the Ch' ing Civil Service 47 V Career Patterns of the Hanlin Officials 65 VI Extrabureaucratic and Bureaucratic Factors Affecting Advancement 113 VII Conclusion 165 vi Appendices 171 · I. Duration of Probationary Period of Non-Hanlin Officials 171 II. Civil Offices under the Early Ch'.ing 175 III. Hanlin Biographical Sketches 183 Abbreviations 213 Notes 215 Glossary 243 Bibliography 255 Index 275 vii Ill us trat ions The Hanlin Academy s View of Legation Quarter before 1900 6 Location of the Hanlin Academy 7 Imperial Palaces: Plan 1 8 Simplified Plan of the Forbidden City: Plan 2 10 viii Tables i Number of Probationers, Compilers, and Correctors Appointed, 1644-1795 13 2 Number of Hanlin Members in Active Service, 1644-1795 14 3 Average Ages of Hanlin Officials on Obtaining the First, Second, and Third Degrees 19 4 Age Groups of the Thirty-two Hanlin Officials Appointed Probationers, 1644-52 26 5 Proportion of Senior Positions Held by Hanlin Officials, 1644-1795 44 6 Nature of First Appointments of Hanlin Officials, 1644-1795 69 7 Tenure of First Appointments, Divided According to Reign Periods 72 8 Rate of Promotion 74 9 Rate of Promotion !only Hanlin Members Unable to Reach the Third Rank in the Sample) 74 10 Ranks Reached during First Seven Appointments 74 11 Average Tenure of First Seven Appointments 77 12 Tenure of Second to Seventh Appointments According to Year Groups 78 13 Retirement Age of Hanlin Officials 111 14 Average Ages of Different Hanlin Groups 111 15 Reasons for Leaving Government 111 16 Provincial Origin and Production of Hanlin Members, 1644-1795 (Using Full Information) 118 17 Provincial Origin and Production of Hanlin Members, 1644-1795 (Using Information Obtained from the Samples) 110 lX 18 Provincial Origin, Population, and Production of Chin-shih, 1644-1795 120 19 Provincial Origin, Population, and Production of Hanlin Members, 1644-1795 121 20 Chance of .a Chin-shih co Become a Hanlin Member, 1644-1795 121 21 Hanlin Officials Able to Reach Third to First Rank Positions, 1644-1795 122 22 Hanlin Officials Able to Reach the First Rank in Office, 1644-1795 124 23 Chance of Average Hanlin Member Rising to Third and First Ranks, 1644-1795 126 24 Local Origins and Ability to Reach Third Rank 132 25 Relationship between Family Background !Three Preceding Generations) and Advancement to Third Rank and Above, 1644-1795 138 26 Relationship between Family Background !Three Preceding Generations) and Incumbency in Third to First Rank Positions, 1644-1795 138 27 Relationship between Family Background (Immediately Preceding Generation) and Advancement to Third Rank and Above, 1644-1795 139 28 Relationship between Family Background (Immediately Preceding Generation) and Incumbency in Third to First Rank Positions, 1644-1795 139 29 Difference in Advancement to Third Rank and Above between Sons and Nephews of Third to First Rank Officials, ar1:d Others, 1644-1795 140 30 Difference in Incumbency in Third to First Rank Positions between Sons and Nephews of Third to First Rank Officials, and Others, 1644-1795 140 31 Strong Family Influence, Provincial Origins, and Advancement 140 32 Ethnic Differences in Advancement, 1644-1795 144 x 33 First Class Hanlin and Advancement to Senior Ranks, 1644-1795 145 34 First Class Hanlin and Length of Incumbency in Third to First Rank Positions, 164471795 149 35 Tenure of First Appointments by First Class Hanlin, 1644-1795 149 36 Comparison of Time Taken to Reach Second Rank between First Class Hanlin and Other Hanlin Officials, 1644-1795 149 37 Average Seniority of Various Hanlin Groups, 1644-1795 150 38 Number of Hanlin Able to Secure First Position, First Class, in the Palace Examinations, 1644-1795 150 39 Hanlin Members Securing Third to First Positions, First Class, in the Palace Examinations,· 1644-1 7 9.5 152 40 Family Background of First Class Hanlin, 1644-1795 152 41 Age at Entering Hanlin Academy and Average Years of Government Service, 1644-1795 153 42 Age at Entering Hanlin Academy and Length of Service for Hanlin Officials Unable to Reach Third Rank, 1644-1795 154 . ' 43 Age at Entering Hanlin Academy and L~_n.gth of Service for Third to First Rank Hanlin Officials, 1644-1795 154 44 Age Groups at Entering Hanlin Academy and Ability to Reach Senior Positions, 1644-1795 156 45 Age at Entering Hanlin Academy and Years of Incumbency in Third to First Rank Positions, 1644-1795 158 46 Age at Entering Hanlin Academy and Years of Incumbency in First Rank Positions, 1644-1795 158 Xl 47 Seniority and Family Background (Three Preceding Generations) 160 48 Seniority and Family Background jlmmediately Preceding Generation) 160 49 Seniority and Family Background (Divided into Sons and Nephews of Officials of Third Rank and Above, and Others) 160 so Seniority and Ability to Reach Third and First Ranks, 1644-1795 161 51 Seniority and Length of Incumbency in Third to First Rank Posts, 1644-1795 161 52 Seniority and Length of Incumbency in First Rank Posts, 1644--1795 161
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