The Handy Anatomy Answer Book

385 Pages·2016·17.84 MB·English

by  Patricia Barnes-Svarney

About the Authors
Patricia Barnes-Svarneyis a science and science
fiction writer. Over the past few decades, she has
written or coauthored more than 35 books, in-
cluding When the Earth Moves: Rogue Earth-
quakes, Tremors, and Aftershocks and the
award-winning New York Public Library Science
Desk Reference, along with authoring several
hundred magazine articles.
Thomas E. Svarney is a scientist who has
written extensively about the natural world. His
books, with Patricia Barnes-Svarney, include Vis-
ible Ink Press’ The Handy Dinosaur Answer
Book, The Handy Math Answer Book, and The
Handy Nutrition Answer Book; in addition, they have written Skies of Fury: Weather
Weirdness around the Worldand The Oryx Guide to Natural History. You can read
more about their work and writing at www.pattybarnes.net.
Please visit the “Handy” series website at www.handyanswers.com
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THE Copyright © 2016 by Visible Ink Press®
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable
HANDY
copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair
competition, and other applicable laws.
ANATOMY
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without per-
mission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who
ANSWER
wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written
for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or website.
BOOK
All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.
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Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile
Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski
Typesetting: Marco DiVita
Proofreaders: Larry Baker and Sharon R. Gunton
Indexer: Shoshana Hurwitz
Cover images: Shutterstock.
Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress.
Printed in China.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS … ix
PHOTO CREDITS … x
INTRODUCTION … xi
HISTORY OF INTEGUMENTARY
ANATOMY … 1 SYSTEM … 67
Defining Anatomy (1) … Studies in Introduction (67) … Skin Structure (68) …
Anatomy (2) … Comparing Other Skin Function (75) … Nails (78) … Hair
Organisms (7) (79) … Accessory Glands (82) …
Comparing Other Organisms (84)
ANATOMY AND
BIOLOGY BASICS … 9 SKELETAL SYSTEM … 87
Human Anatomical Terminology (9) … Introduction (87) … Bone Basics (89) …
Chemistry in Biology and Anatomy (12) … Axial Skeleton (93) … Appendicular
Biological Compounds and the Human Body Skeleton (98) … Joints (102) … Comparing
(15) … Comparing Other Organisms (18) Other Organisms (107)
LEVELS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM … 109
ORGANIZATION … 21
Introduction (109) … Organization of
Defining Levels of Organization in Anatomy Muscles (112) … Muscle Structure (116) …
(21) … Cells (22) … Tissues (31) … Organs Muscle Function (120) … Comparing Other
and Organ Systems (38) … Homeostasis Organisms (126)
(40) … Comparing Other Organisms (41)
NERVOUS SYSTEM … 129
SENSORY SYSTEM … 43
Introduction (129) … Neuron Function
Smell (46) … Taste (48) … Hearing (50) … (131) … Central Nervous System (136) …
Vision (55) … Comparing Other Organisms The Brain (139) … Spinal Cord (145) …
(63) Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic vii
Nervous System (146) … Peripheral DIGESTIVE SYSTEM … 247
Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous
Introduction (247) … Upper
System (150) … Learning and Memory
Gastrointestinal Tract (248) … Lower
(151) … Sleep and Dreams (154) …
Gastrointestinal Tract (255) … Accessory
Comparing Other Organisms (159)
Glands (260) … Metabolism and Nutrition
(265) … Comparing Other Organisms (272)
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM … 163 URINARY SYSTEM … 275
Introduction (163) … Hormones (164) … Introduction (275) … Kidneys (276) …
Pituitary Gland (167) … Thyroid and Accessory Organs (281) … Urine and Its
Parathyroid Glands (171) … (Adrenal Formation (282) … Comparing Other
Glands (176) … Pancreas (178) … Pineal Organisms (283)
Gland (182) … Reproductive Organs (182)
… Other Sources of Hormones (184) …
REPRODUCTIVE
Comparing Other Organisms (186)
SYSTEM … 285
Introduction (285) … Male Reproductive
CARDIOVASCULAR System (286) … Female Reproductive
SYSTEM … 189 System (292) … Conception (298) …
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (301) …
Introduction (189) … Blood (190) … The
Comparing Other Organisms (302)
Heart (198) … Blood Vessels (202) …
Circulation (205) … Comparing Other
Organisms (208)
HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT … 303
Introduction (303) … Prenatal
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM … 211
Development—Embryonic Period (304) …
Introduction (211) … Lymphatic Vessels
Prenatal Development—Fetal Stage (309)
and Organs (214) … Nonspecific Defenses
… Birth and Lactation (313) … Postnatal
(217) … Specific Defenses (218) …
Development (318) … Comparing Other
Allergies (226) … Comparing Other
Organisms (322)
Organisms (229)
HELPING HUMAN
RESPIRATORY ANATOMY … 325
SYSTEM … 231
Anatomy and Imaging Techniques (325) …
Introduction (231) … Structure and Diagnostic Techniques for Various Systems
Function (232) … Respiration and (329) … Operations, Procedures, and
Breathing (239) … Sound Production (243) Transplants (335) … Comparing Other
… Comparing Other Organisms (244) Organisms (340)
FURTHER READING … 341
GLOSSARY … 345
viii INDEX … 351
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the authors of The Handy Anatomy Answer Book’s first edi-
tion, Naomi Balaban and James Bobick. Their knowledge and research for the
book made the task of revising that much easier. We would also, as always, like to
thank Roger Jänecke for all his help, patience, and consideration, and especially for
asking us to revise another Handy Answer book. Also, thanks to typesetter Marco Di-
Vita, cover and page designer Mary Claire Krzewinski, indexer Shoshana Hurwitz,
and proofreaders Larry Baker and Sharon R. Gunton. Our editor, Kevin Hile, always
gets special kudos from us—he’s the best. And an extra special thanks to Agnes Birn-
baum, who not only helps us with the intricacies of publishing but has been a won-
derful friend for many, many years (and we hope many more).
We would also like to express our thanks to all the scientists, researchers, and
health care professionals who deal with anatomy of the human body. We are not all
alike, and trying to figure out what is best for “everyone’s internal [some say infer-
nal] configuration” is an immense task. We know so much more about human
anatomy than we did even five years ago. And we have no doubt we will know more
in the near and far future thanks to their expertise and efforts.
ix