The Handbook of Impression Formation: A Social Psychological Approach

539 Pages·2022·9.464 MB·English

by  Emily Balcetis, Gordon B. Moskowitz

The Handbook of Impression
Formation
Presenting diverse perspectives from eminent scholars and contemporary researchers,
The Handbook of Impression Formation contextualizes current and future areas of research
in the social psychology of impression formation within a rich historic framework.
Affirming that impression formation is at the core of human experience, chapters
explore how and why people form snap judgments about others and when those
impressions update. They examine the processes through which people infer the reasons
for the events they encounter, allowing people to plan for appropriate behavioral
responses to social contexts. The research reviewed is informed by the foundational
theory of unconscious automatic processes involved in making judgments of other
people, pioneered by Professor Jim Uleman who contributes a chapter that suggests
important new directions, and concludes the volume by reflecting on the state of the
field more broadly. This book explores how certain attributes stimulate categorization,
examining current issues around implicit bias, stereotypes, and social media. Chapters
cover a range of approaches, featuring personal narratives, presentation of new data and
discoveries, comprehensive literature reviews, and contemplations on where the field
must go and what questions require focus for progress to be made, calling for even the
most advanced scholars to contribute more to the collective investigation of impression
formation.
This fascinating work provides a solid foundation from which all researchers can
build a new and unique program of research, and arms the reader with the intellectual
tools they need to chart new theoretical territory and discover aspects of the human
experience we have yet to even wonder about. It is essential reading for students and
academics in social psychology, and the social sciences more broadly.
Emily Balcetis, director of the New York University Social Perception Action and
Motivation research lab, earned her PhD at Cornell University and leads an inter-
national team to uncover strategies that increase, sustain, and direct people’s efforts to
meet their goals.
Gordon B. Moskowitz conducts research on social cognition, with a focus on ste-
reotyping, impression formation, minority influence, and the implicit influence of
goals on judgment and behavior. His research program more recently has examined
interventions to control/reduce implicit bias, with implications for group disparities in
health care.

The Handbook of
Impression Formation
A Social Psychological Approach
Edited by Emily Balcetis and
Gordon B. Moskowitz
Cover image: Kate Uleman artwork
First published 2023
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Emily Balcetis and Gordon B.
Moskowitz; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Emily Balcetis and Gordon B. Moskowitz to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their
individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77
and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Balcetis, Emily, editor. | Moskowitz, Gordon B., editor.
Title: The handbook of impression formation : a social psychological
approach / edited by Emily Balcetis, Gordon B. Moskowitz.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Includes
bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2022016962 (print) | LCCN 2022016963 (ebook)
| ISBN 9780367493141 (paperback) | ISBN 9780367493158
(hardback) | ISBN 9781003045687 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Impression formation (Psychology)
Classification: LCC HM1081 .H36 2022 (print) | LCC HM1081
(ebook) | DDC 153.6‐‐dc23/eng/20220425
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022016962
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022016963
ISBN: 978-0-367-49315-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-49314-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-04568-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003045687
Typeset in Goudy
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
List of Contributors viii
Preface: Impression Formation in Social Psychology by
Gordon B. Moskowitz and Emily Balcetis xii
PART I
Source of Input to Impression Formation: When Features
of the External Physical World Meet Internal Mental
Representations 1
1 Social Categorizations as Decisions Made under
Uncertainty 3
GRACE S. R. GILLESPIE, JESSICA L. SHROPSHIRE,
AND KERRI L. JOHNSON
2 From Spontaneous Trait Inferences to Spontaneous
Person Impressions 20
ALEXANDER TODOROV
3 Expressed Accuracy: Spontaneous Trait Production
and Inference from Voice 34
EMILY SANDS AND LASANA T. HARRIS
4 O Brother, O Sister, Who Art Thou? Inferring the
Gender of Others in Ambiguous Situations 54
AMY ARNDT AND MARLONE HENDERSON
5 Differences between Spontaneous and Intentional
Trait Inferences 73
JAMES S. ULEMAN
vi Contents
6 Bridging the Gap between Spontaneous Behavior- and
Stereotype-Based Impressions 93
JACQUELINE M. CHEN, KIMBERLY A. QUINN,
AND KEITH B. MADDOX
7 The Secret Life of Spontaneous Trait Inferences:
Emergence, Puzzles, and Accomplishments 116
LEONEL GARCIA-MARQUES, MÁRIO B. FERREIRA, SARA HAGÁ,
DANIEL MARCELO, TÂNIA RAMOS, AND DIANA ORGHIAN
8 Predictively Coding Objects and Persons 138
ETHAN LUDWIN-PEERY AND YAACOV TROPE
PART II
Impression Formation Processes: Implicit Effects of
Inference and Activation 159
9 Reflections on a 30-Year-Long Program of Research
Exploring Perceivers’ Spontaneous Thoughts about
Social Targets 161
JOHN J. SKOWRONSKI AND RANDY J. MCCARTHY
10 Impression Formation, Right Side Up 185
DAVID E. MELNIKOFF AND JOHN A. BARGH
11 Unintentional Influences in Intentional Impression
Formation 199
BERTRAM GAWRONSKI, SKYLAR M. BRANNON,
AND DILLON M. LUKE
12 Stereotypes and Trait Inference 220
JEFFREY W. SHERMAN
13 Perceiving Group Attributes Spontaneously:
Broadening the Domain 228
DAVID L. HAMILTON AND JOEL A. THURSTON
14 Forming and Managing Impressions Across Racial
Divides 256
CYDNEY H. DUPREE
15 Understanding Guilt-by-Association: A Review of the
Psychological Literature on Attitude Transfer and
Generalization 276
KATE A. RATLIFF
Contents vii
PART III
The Malleability of First Impressions 301
16 Origins of Impression Formation in Infancy 303
BRANDON M. WOO AND J. KILEY HAMLIN
17 Around the World in 80 Milliseconds (or Less):
Spontaneous Trait Inference across Cultures 324
LEONARD S. NEWMAN AND ARTHUR D. MARSDEN III
18 The Updating of First Impressions 348
GORDON B. MOSKOWITZ, IRMAK OLCAYSOY OKTEN,
AND ERICA SCHNEID
19 Are We Stuck on the Face? New Evidence for
When and How People Update Face-Based
Implicit Impressions 393
XI SHEN AND MELISSA FERGUSON
20 Memory Consolidation: The Cornerstone for Gauging
Spontaneous Impression Longevity 416
JESSICA R. BRAY, ANGEL D. ARMENTA, AND MICHAEL A.
ZÁRATE
21 Confronting First Impressions: Motivating Self-
Regulation of Stereotypes and Prejudice through
Prejudice Confrontation 435
KIMBERLY E. CHANEY, DIANA T. SANCHEZ,
AND JESSICA D. REMEDIOS
22 Implicit Person Memory: Domain-General and
Domain-Specific Processes of Learning and Change 459
BENEDEK KURDI AND MAHZARIN R. BANAJI
Afterward 489
23 Impressions of Impression Formation 491
JAMES S. ULEMAN
Index 511
Contributors
Angel D. Armenta, Psychology Department, The University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
Amy Arndt, Department of Psychology, Univesity of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas, United States of America
Emily Balcetis, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York,
New York, United States of America
Mahzarin R. Banaji, Department of Psychology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
John A. Bargh, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
Skylar M. Brannon, Department of Psychology, Univesity of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
Jessica R. Bray, Psychology Department, The University of Texas at El Paso,
El Paso, Texas, United States of America
Kimberly E. Chaney, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
Jacqueline M. Chen, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
Cydney H. Dupree, School of Management, University College London,
London, England, United Kingdom
Melissa Ferguson, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
Mário B. Ferreira, Center for Research in Psychological Science (CICPsi),
Faculdade de Psicologia – Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Leonel Garcia-Marques, Center for Research in Psychological Science
(CICPsi), Faculdade de Psicologia – Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,
Portugal
Contributors ix
Bertram Gawronski, Department of Psychology, Univesity of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
Grace S. R. Gillespie, Department of Psychology, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
Sara Hagá, Center for Research in Psychological Science (CICPsi),
Faculdade de Psicologia – Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
David L. Hamilton, The Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,
University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United
States of America
J. Kiley Hamlin, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Lasana T. Harris, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University
College London, London, England, United Kingdom
Marlone Henderson, Department of Psychology, Univesity of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
Kerri L. Johnson, Deptartments of Communication and Psychology,
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United
States of America
Benedek Kurdi, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut, United States of America
Ethan Ludwin-Peery, Department of Psychology, New York University,
New York City, New York, United States of America
Dillon M. Luke, Department of Psychology, Univesity of Texas at Austin,
Austin, Texas, United States of America
Keith B. Maddox, Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford,
Massachusetts, United States of America
Daniel Marcelo, Oswald DigitalLisbon, Portugal
Arthur D. Marsden III, Department of Psychology, Syracuse University,
Syracuse, New York, United States of America
Randy J. McCarthy, Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois
University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America
David E. Melnikoff, The College of Science psychology program, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
Gordon B. Moskowitz, Department of Psychology, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America