The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Vol. 2: Integrations

640 Pages·2015·8.08 MB·english

by  David M. Buss (ed.)

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The Handbook

of Evolutionary

Psychology
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The Handbook

of Evolutionary

Psychology

Second Edition
Volume 2 Integrations
Edited by
David M. Buss
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Cover design: Wiley
This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Handbook of evolutionary psychology (Hoboken, N.J.)
The handbook of evolutionary psychology / edited by David M. Buss. — 2nd edition.
volumes cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: Volume 1. Foundations — volume 2. Application.
ISBN 978-1-118-75580-8 (cloth) — ISBN 978-1-118-76399-5 (set) —ISBN 978-1-118-75602-7 (pdf) —
ISBN 978-1-118-75597-6 (epub)
1. Evolutionary psychology. 2. Human evolution. I. Buss, David M. II. Title.

BF698.95.H36 2016

155.7—dc23

2015008090
Printed in the United States of America
SECOND EDITION
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents

PART V GROUP LIVING: COOPERATION AND CONFLICT 621
David M. Buss and Daniel Conroy-Beam
25 Adaptations for Reasoning About Social Exchange 625
Leda Cosmides and John Tooby
26 Interpersonal Conflict and Violence 669
Martin Daly
27 Women’s Competition and Aggression 684
Anne Campbell
28 Prejudices: Managing Perceived Threats to Group Life 704
Steven L. Neuberg and Peter DeScioli
29 Leadership in War: Evolution, Cognition, and the Military
Intelligence Hypothesis 722
Dominic D. P. Johnson
PART VI CULTURE AND COORDINATION 745
Daniel Conroy-Beam and David M. Buss
30 Cultural Evolution 749
Maciej Chudek, Michael Muthukrishna, and Joe Henrich
31 Morality 770
Robert Kurzban and Peter DeScioli
32 The Evolutionary Foundations of Status Hierarchy 788
Mark van Vugt and Joshua M. Tybur
33 Reputation 810
Pat Barclay
34 The Evolution and Ontogeny of Ritual 829
Cristine H. Legare and Rachel E. Watson-Jones
35 The Origins of Religion 848
Ara Norenzayan
36 The False Allure of Group Selection 867
Steven Pinker
PART VII INTERFACES WITH TRADITIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
DISCIPLINES 881
David M. Buss
37 Evolutionary Cognitive Psychology 885
Peter M. Todd, Ralph Hertwig, and Ulrich Hoffrage
v
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vi CONTENTS
38 Evolutionary Developmental Psychology 904
David F. Bjorklund, Carlos Hernández Blasi, and Bruce J. Ellis
39 Evolutionary Social Psychology 925
Douglas T. Kenrick, Jon K. Maner, and Norman P. Li
40 The General Factor of Personality: A Hierarchical Life
History Model 943
Aurelio José Figueredo, Michael A. Woodley of Menie,
and W. Jake Jacobs
41 The Evolution of Cognitive Bias 968
Martie G. Haselton, Daniel Nettle, and Damian R. Murray
42 Biological Function and Dysfunction: Conceptual

Foundations of Evolutionary Psychopathology
988
Jerome C. Wakefield
43 Evolutionary Psychology and Mental Health 1007
Randolph M. Nesse
PART VIII INTERFACES ACROSS TRADITIONAL ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINES 1027
David M. Buss
44 Evolutionary Psychology and Evolutionary Anthropology 1029
Daniel M. T. Fessler, Jason A. Clark, and Edward K. Clint
45 Evolutionary Genetics 1047
Ruben C. Arslan and Lars Penke
46 Evolutionary Psychology and Endocrinology 1067
James R. Roney
47 Evolutionary Political Psychology 1084
Michael Bang Petersen
48 Evolutionary Literary Study 1103
Joseph Carroll
PART IX PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY 1121
David M. Buss
49 Evolutionary Psychology and Public Policy 1123
Nicolas Baumard
50 Evolution and Consumer Psychology 1143
Gad Saad
51 Evolution and Organizational Leadership 1161
Nigel Nicholson
52 Evolutionary Psychology and the Law 1180
Owen D. Jones
Afterword 1205
Richard Dawkins
Author Index I-1
Subject Index I-30
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PA RT V

GROUP LIVING:

COOPERATION AND

CONFLICT

DAVID M. BUSS and DANIEL CONROY-BEAM
HOMO SAPIENS HAS been called “the social animal” for a good reason. Living in
groups defines a key mode of human existence. Groups contain a bounty of
resources critical to survival and reproduction. They afford safety and
protection from predators and from other humans. They are populated with potential
friends for mutually beneficial social exchange. They contain reproductively valuable
mates. And they are inhabited with kin, precious carriers of our genetic cargo, from
whom we can receive aid and in whom we can invest. At the same time, group living
intensifies competition over precisely those reproductively relevant resources, creat­
ing sources of conflict not faced by more solitary creatures. The chapters in this part
describe many of the complexities of the evolutionary psychology of group living,
focusing on cooperation and conflict.
In Chapter 25, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby provide a comprehensive review of
the extensive body of research, much of it conducted by them and their students, on
neurocognitive adaptations for social exchange. They elucidate the many design
features that such adaptations theoretically should possess and provide compelling
arguments that domain-general mechanisms cannot achieve the specific outcomes
needed for successful social exchange. They review competing theories to explain the
content effects on the Wason selection task and marshal empirical evidence relevant to
adjudicating among those theories. In a display of the sort of methodological plural­
ism advocated by Simpson and Campbell (Chapter 3, this Handbook, Volume 1),
Cosmides and Tooby describe cross-cultural studies, studies using traditional meth­
ods of cognitive psychology, and studies using neurocognitive techniques.
Martin Daly’s chapter (Chapter 26) on interpersonal violence and homicide begins
by articulating an evolutionary perspective on conflicts of reproductive interests—a
long-standing ingenious strategy pioneered by Daly and his long-time collaborator
Margo Wilson. Next, he articulates the rationale for using violence and homicides as
assays of social conflicts. Thus, Daly’s focus is not so much in explaining violence per
se, although key insights into violence do indeed emerge. Rather, his central aim is to
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622 GROUP LIVING:COOPERATION AND CONFLICT
exploit patterns of violence to reveal underlying conflicts of evolutionary interests that
occur between individuals when they live in groups. He deploys this strategy to make
novel scientific discoveries. Kin, for example, who typically have a greater confluence
of interest compared to unrelated individuals, display much less violence toward each
other, despite the fact that they interact more frequently. Intimate mates, to take
another example, can have converging genetic interests, as when they have mutually
produced offspring. But conflicts of interest emerge from at least six sources, such as
temptations for genetic cuckoldry, temptations to trade up, relationship defection, and
channeling pooled resources toward one set of kin at the expense of another (see also
Conroy-Beam, Goetz, & Buss, 2015). Violence is more common precisely when these
conflicts of interest emerge in intimate mateships.
Anne Campbell’s chapter (Chapter 27) provides an overview of theory and research
on women’s competition and aggression. She explores both the proximate mecha­
nisms (hormones, physiological maturation, neuropsychology) and ultimate selective
forces underlying women’s competition and aggression. Fear, she argues, acts as a
more powerful brake on women’s than on men’s violent aggression, due to the greater
costs of engaging in violent conflict (e.g., costs not only to the woman, but also to her
children). But make no mistake, Campbell argues—women’s competition, although
less ostentatiously violent, can be ferocious. Women compete for the best mates, for
example, a form of competition possibly exacerbated by socially imposed monogamy.
She argues that appearance (cues to fertility) and fidelity (cues to paternity certainty)
become key weapons by which women compete with other women, with tactics
that include shunning, stigmatizing, derogating, and ostracizing their rivals. When
tactics do escalate to actual violence, they occur in predictable contexts such as
resource scarcity and a sex ratio imbalance involving too few men as potential mates.
In short, Campbell’s excellent chapter provides a detailed analysis of the underlying
adaptations for female competition and aggression, the ways in which they are sex-
differentiated in design, and the contextual and ecological variables to which they
respond.
Prejudice seems to be a ubiquitous feature of human social living. Everywhere,
people seem prone to dislike and distrust some others, discriminating against them
within groups and even warring with them when they are out-groups. Steven Neuberg
and Peter DeScioli (Chapter 28) provide an outstanding chapter on the evolved
psychology—threat management systems—designed to deal with adaptive problems
arising from within and outside of one’s group. These prejudices can cause harm and
discrimination in the modern environment, they argue, which makes it all the more
important to understand their design features and how they play out in this new world.
Humans are an extraordinarily coalitional species. We form groups, often in
competition with other groups. Dominic Johnson’s chapter (Chapter 29) on leadership
and war focuses on group-on-group conflict. He outlines different hypotheses about
the evolution of leader traits in the context of war, or alternatively features of
coalitional leadership psychology that could have been coopted for war, and examines
the relevant empirical evidence. He makes a compelling case that war has been a major
selective force on human psychology, including the evolution of leadership and
followership traits—arguments that have critical relevance in a modern world beset
with warfare in forms unimaginable in the past, but that exploit the same suite of
psychological adaptations.
Group living is what we do as a species. It offers a bounty of benefits through
cooperation and an abundance of costs through social conflict. As a consequence, it is