The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures

481 Pages·2022·5.492 MB·English

by  Ryan Shaffer (editor)

The Handbook of Asian
Intelligence Cultures
SCARECROW PROFESSIONAL INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION SERIES
Series Editor: Jan Goldman
In this post–September 11, 2001, era there has been rapid growth in the number of
professional intelligence training and educational programs across the United States
and abroad. Colleges and universities, as well as high schools, are developing pro-
grams and courses in homeland security, intelligence analysis, and law enforcement,
in support of national security.
The Scarecrow Professional Intelligence Education Series (SPIES) was first
designed for individuals studying for careers in intelligence and to help improve the
skills of those already in the profession; however, it was also developed to educate
the public in how intelligence work is conducted and should be conducted in this
important and vital profession.
1. Communicating with Intelligence: Writing and Briefing in the Intelligence and
National Security Communities, by James S. Major. 2008.
2. A Spy’s Résumé: Confessions of a Maverick Intelligence Professional and Mis-
adventure Capitalist, by Marc Anthony Viola. 2008.
3. An Introduction to Intelligence Research and Analysis, by Jerome Clauser,
revised and edited by Jan Goldman. 2008.
4. Writing Classified and Unclassified Papers for National Security: A Scarecrow
Professional Intelligence Educational Series Manual, by James S. Major. 2009.
5. Strategic Intelligence: A Handbook for Practitioners, Managers, and Users,
revised edition by Don McDowell. 2009.
6. Partly Cloudy: Ethics in War, Espionage, Covert Action, and Interrogation, by
David L. Perry. 2009.
7. Tokyo Rose / An American Patriot: A Dual Biography, by Frederick P. Close.
2010.
8. Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, edited by Jan Gold-
man. 2006.
9. Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, Volume 2, edited
by Jan Goldman. 2010.
10. A Woman’s War: The Professional and Personal Journey of the Navy’s First
African American Female Intelligence Officer, by Gail Harris. 2010.
11. Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis, by Hank
Prunckun. 2010.
12. Handbook of Warning Intelligence: Assessing the Threat to National Security,
by Cynthia Grabo. 2010.
13. Keeping U.S. Intelligence Effective: The Need for a Revolution in Intelligence
Affairs, by William J. Lahneman. 2011.
14. Words of Intelligence: An Intelligence Professional’s Lexicon for Domestic and
Foreign Threats, Second Edition, by Jan Goldman. 2011.
15. Counterintelligence Theory and Practice, by Hank Prunckun. 2012.
16. Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures, edited by Ryan Shaffer. 2022.
The Handbook of
Asian Intelligence
Cultures
Edited by
Ryan Shaffer
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www .rowman .com
86-90 Paul Street, London EC2A 4NE, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2022 by Ryan Shaffer
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data
Names: Shaffer, Ryan, 1982– editor.
Title: The handbook of Asian intelligence cultures / Edited by Ryan Shaffer.
Other titles: Asian intelligence cultures
Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2022] | Series: Scarecrow professional
intelligence education series | Includes index. | Summary: “The Handbook of Asian
Intelligence Cultures explores the historical and contemporary influences that have
shaped Asian intelligence cultures as well as the impact intelligence service have had
on domestic and foreign affairs”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022018312 (print) | LCCN 2022018313 (ebook) | ISBN
9781538159996 (cloth) | ISBN 9781538160008 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Intelligence service—Asia—Cross-cultural studies. | Internal security—
Asia—Cross-cultural studies.
Classification: LCC JQ27 .H36 2022 (print) | LCC JQ27 (ebook) | DDC 327.15—dc23/
eng/20220915
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022018312
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022018313
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Map xi
Introduction: The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures xiii
by Ryan Shaffer
1 Afghanistan: The Graveyard of Intelligence Empires 1
by Owen Sirrs
2 Bangladesh: Intelligence Culture and Reform Priorities 15
by ASM Ali Ashraf
3 Bhutan: An Intelligence Culture amid Regional Geopolitics 31
by Praveen Kumar
4 Brunei: A Royal Intelligence Culture 43
by Ryan Shaffer
5 Cambodia: Intelligence Mission—Regime Security 55
by Paul Chambers
6 China: The Fearful Intelligence Culture 69
by Matthew Brazil
7 India: Managing Challenges in an Evolving Security Environment 83
by Sameer Patil and Arun Vishwanathan
v
vi Contents
8 Indonesia: Intelligence Culture in Turbulent Times 103
by Mark Briskey
9 Japan: The Rise, Fall, and Reinvention of the
Intelligence Community 117
by Richard J. Samuels
10 Kazakhstan: A Circular Revolution in Intelligence Culture 129
by Elizabeth Van Wie Davis
11 Kyrgyzstan: Seeking Stability in a Complex Region 143
by Réjeanne Lacroix
12 Laos: Intelligence Culture with Internal Threats
and External Actors 157
by Hans Lipp
13 Malaysia: Between Untenable Intelligence Tradition
and Unrealized Reform 171
by Scott Edwards
14 Maldives: Connections between Intelligence Culture
and Oversight 185
by Abdulla Phairoosch
15 Mongolia: Democratization and Intelligence 199
by Jargalsaikhan Mendee, Adiya Tuvshintugs, and Julian Dierkes
16 Myanmar: Security through Surveillance 213
by Prem Mahadevan
17 Nepal: A Developing Intelligence Culture 227
by Bishnu Raj Upreti
18 North Korea: An Agile and Adaptable National
Intelligence System 241
by Joseph Fitsanakis
19 Pakistan: The Multidimensional Culture of the
Inter- Services Intelligence 255
by Nasir Mehmood
Contents vii
20 The Philippines: Knowing, Hurting, and Intelligence Culture 267
by Amador IV Peleo
21 Singapore: Developing Intelligence Power from
Third World to First 279
by Alexander Nicholas Shaw
22 South Korea: The Outsize Influence of the National
Intelligence Service 293
by Charlie Lizza
23 Sri Lanka: The Evolution of an Offensive Intelligence Culture 309
by Rohan Gunaratna and Bodhana Perera
24 Taiwan: An Intelligence Community in Constant Transformation 323
by Hon- min Yau
25 Tajikistan: Post- Soviet Intelligence Culture in a Fractured State 339
by Michael Yerushalmi
26 Thailand: From Cold War Intelligence to Cyber Surveillance 355
by Michael Landon-M urray and Dao Henry
27 Timor- Leste: An Intelligence Culture Developing and
Overcoming Politicization 369
by Agnes E. Venema
28 Turkmenistan: Analysis of an Enigmatic Intelligence Culture 383
by Réjeanne Lacroix
29 Uzbekistan: Political Economy of the Intelligence Services 395
by Evrim Gormus
30 Vietnam: Intelligence-L ed Policing Culture at the Borderland 407
by Hai Thanh Luong
Index 419
About the Contributors 451

Acknowledgments
Compiling a handbook is a collaborative effort that requires many differ-
ent people, including authors, editors, copyeditors, and reviewers. Without
them this book would not be possible. Rowman & Littlefield editors Dhara
Snowden and Jan Goldman approached me about compiling a handbook
and were very supportive throughout the process. Rebecca Anastasi and
April Snider, also editors at Rowman & Littlefield, helped see the project
to completion. The contributors provided valuable research on subjects not
often written about. Kathleen Wilson and Michael Landon-M urray gave me
important input. In addition, reviewers for this book gave useful feedback.
Lastly, my friends and family provided support and encouragement. I am
grateful for everyone’s help.
ix