The Handbook of African Intelligence Cultures

832 Pages·2023·5.426 MB·English

by  Ryan Shaffer (editor)

The Handbook of
African Intelligence
Cultures
SECURITY AND PROFESSIONAL
INTELLIGENCE EDUCATION SERIES (SPIES)
Series Editor: Jan Goldman
In this post–September 11, 2001, era there has been rapid growth in the num-
ber of professional intelligence training and educational programs across the
United States and abroad. Colleges and universities, as well as high schools,
are developing programs and courses in homeland security, intelligence
analysis, and law enforcement, in support of national security.
The Security and Professional Intelligence Education Series (SPIES) was
first designed for individuals studying for careers in intelligence and to help
improve the skills of those already in the profession; however, it was also
developed to educate the public on how intelligence work is conducted and
should be conducted in this important and vital profession.
1. Communicating with Intelligence: Writing and Briefing in the Intel-
ligence and National Security Communities, by James S. Major. 2008.
2. A Spy’s Résumé: Confessions of a Maverick Intelligence Professional
and Misadventure Capitalist, by Marc Anthony Viola. 2008.
3. An Introduction to Intelligence Research and Analysis, by Jerome
Clauser, revised and edited by Jan Goldman. 2008.
4. Writing Classified and Unclassified Papers for National Security, by
James S. Major. 2009.
5. Strategic Intelligence: A Handbook for Practitioners, Managers, and
Users, revised edition by Don McDowell. 2009.
6. Partly Cloudy: Ethics in War, Espionage, Covert Action, and Inter-
rogation, by David L. Perry. 2009.
7. Tokyo Rose / An American Patriot: A Dual Biography, by Frederick
P. Close. 2010.
8. Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, edited by
Jan Goldman. 2006.
9. Ethics of Spying: A Reader for the Intelligence Professional, Volume
2, edited by Jan Goldman. 2010.
10. A Woman’s War: The Professional and Personal Journey of the
Navy’s First African American Female Intelligence Officer, by Gail
Harris. 2010.
11. Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis,
by Hank Prunckun. 2010.
12. Handbook of Warning Intelligence: Assessing the Threat to National
Security, by Cynthia Grabo. 2010.
13. Keeping U.S. Intelligence Effective: The Need for a Revolution in In-
telligence Affairs, by William J. Lahneman. 2011.
14. Words of Intelligence: An Intelligence Professional’s Lexicon for Do-
mestic and Foreign Threats, Second Edition, by Jan Goldman. 2011.
15. Counterintelligence Theory and Practice, by Hank Prunckun. 2012.
16. Balancing Liberty and Security: An Ethical Study of U.S. Foreign In-
telligence Surveillance, 2001–2009, by Michelle Louise Atkin. 2013.
17. The Art of Intelligence: Simulations, Exercises, and Games, edited by
William J. Lahneman and Rubén Arcos. 2014.
18. Communicating with Intelligence: Writing and Briefing in National
Security, by James S. Major. 2014.
19. Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis, Second Edi-
tion, by Hank Prunckun. 2014.
20. Quantitative Intelligence Analysis: Applied Analytic Models, Simula-
tions and Games, by Edward Waltz. 2014.
21. The Handbook of Warning Intelligence: Assessing the Threat to Na-
tional Security–The Complete Declassified Edition, by Cynthia Grabo,
2015.
22. Intelligence and Information Policy for National Security: Key Terms
and Concepts, by Jan Goldman and Susan Maret, 2016.
23. Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures, edited by Bob de Graaff
and James M. Nyce, with Chelsea Locke, 2018.
24. Partly Cloudy: Ethics in War, Espionage, Covert Action, and Inter-
rogation, Second Edition, by David L. Perry, 2016.
25. Humanitarian Intelligence: A Practitioner’s Guide to Crisis Analysis
and Project Design, by Andrej Zwitter, 2018.
26. Shattered Illusions: KGB Cold War Espionage in Canada, by Donald
G. Mahar, 2016.
27. Intelligence Engineering: Operating Beyond the Conventional, by
Adam D. M. Svendsen, 2017.
28. Reasoning for Intelligence Analysts: A Multidimensional Approach of
Traits, Techniques, and Targets, by Noel Hendrickson, 2018.
29. Counterintelligence Theory and Practice, Second Edition, by Hank
Prunckun, 2019.
30. Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis, Third Edition, by Hank
Prunckun, 2019.
31. The Art of Intelligence: More Simulations, Exercises, and Games, ed-
ited by Rubén Arcos and William J. Lahneman, 2019.
32. Weaponized Marketing: Defeating Radical Islam with Marketing That
Built the World’s Top Brands, by Lisa Merriam and Milton Kotler,
2020.
33. Shadow Warfare: Cyberwar Policy in the United States, Russia and
China, by Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, 2021.
34. African Intelligence Services: Early Postcolonial and Contemporary
Challenges, by Ryan Shaffer, 2021.
35. The Academic-Practitioner Divide in Intelligence Studies, by Rubén
Arcos, Nicole K. Drumhiller, and Mark Phythian, 2022.
36. The Handbook of Latin American and Caribbean Intelligence Cul-
tures, by Florina Cristiana Matei, Carolyn Halladay, and Eduardo E.
Estévez, 2022.
37. The Future of National Intelligence: How Emerging Technologies Re-
shape Intelligence Communities, by Shay Hershkovitz, 2022.
38. The Handbook of Asian Intelligence Cultures, by Ryan Shaffer, 2022.
39. The Handbook of African Intelligence Cultures, by Ryan Shaffer,
2023.
To view the books on our website, please visit https://rowman.com/Action
/SERIES/RL/SPIES or scan the QR code below.
The Handbook of
African Intelligence
Cultures
Edited by Ryan Shaffer
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com
86-90 Paul Street, London EC2A 4NE, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2023 by Ryan Shaffer
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Shaffer, Ryan, 1982– editor.
Title: The handbook of African intelligence cultures / edited by Ryan Shaffer.
Other titles: Security and professional intelligence education series ; 39.
Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, 2022. | Series: Security and professional
intelligence education series ; 39 | Summary: “The Handbook of African Intelligence
Cultures is an authoritative and comprehensive reference work for African intelligence
cultures and services”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022029024 (print) | LCCN 2022029025 (ebook) | ISBN
9781538159972 (cloth) | ISBN 9781538159989 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Intelligence service—Africa—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC JQ1875.A55 H36 2022 (print) | LCC JQ1875.A55 (ebook) | DDC
355.3432096—dc23/eng/20220617
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029024
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029025
™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Map xv
Introduction xvii
Ryan Shaffer
1 Algeria: Bringing Revolutionary Roots into Complex
Modern Times 1
Réjeanne Lacroix
2 Angola: Intelligence Culture Supporting Hegemony 15
Nuno Fragoso Vidal
3 Benin: The Presidentialization of National Intelligence 29
Juste Codjo
4 Botswana: Politicization and the Need for Intelligence Oversight 43
Lawrence Ookeditse
5 Burkina Faso: Widening the Security Net 55
Ernest Harsch
6 Burundi: Intelligence Culture in Troubled Political Waters 69
Jude Kagoro
vii
viii Contents
7 Cabo Verde: The Intelligence Services and Key Challenges 83
Nilton Fernandes Cardoso and João Paulo Madeira
8 Cameroon: An “All of Society Affair” Intelligence Culture 95
Manu Lekunze
9 Central African Republic: A Troubled Country with a
Troubled Intelligence Culture 107
David Vogel
10 Chad: An Armed Intelligence Culture 121
Ketil Fred Hansen
11 The Comoros: Intelligence in the Shadows of the Turbulent Past 135
Gábor Sinkó
12 Côte d’Ivoire: Intelligence Culture in a Fractured
Security System 147
Jeremy S. Speight
13 The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Intelligence in an
Unstable Country 159
Zsolt Szabó
14 Djibouti: Increasing Chinese Influence amid Multilateral
Military Competition 173
Ra Mason
15 Egypt: The Century-Long Culture of the Mukhabarat 185
Hogr Tarkhani
16 Equatorial Guinea: Intelligence Culture amid Autocratic Wealth 199
Ryan Shaffer
17 Eritrea: Intelligence Culture under an Authoritarian Government 211
Ryan Shaffer
18 Eswatini: Intelligence Culture in Africa’s Absolute Monarchy 227
Ryan Shaffer
Contents ix
19 Ethiopia: Intelligence in a Contradictory Context 239
Ryan Shaffer
20 Gabon: Intelligence Culture in an African Proto-State 255
Martin R. Rupiya
21 The Gambia: Uses and Abuses of State Intelligence Agencies 265
Maggie Dwyer
22 Ghana: The Origins and Evolution of a National
Intelligence Culture 277
Michael Yekple, Daniel Banini, and Philip Attuquayefio
23 Guinea: A Culture of Impunity amid Stability and Instability 291
Ryan Shaffer
24 Guinea-Bissau: Intelligence Culture in a Narco-State 305
Ryan Shaffer
25 Kenya: An Evolved Intelligence Culture 319
Ryan Shaffer
26 Lesotho: The National Security Service’s Organizational
Culture, Oversight, and Politics 335
Mopeli Moshoeshoe and Christopher Williams
27 Liberia: Security Sector Reform after War in a Weak State 353
Morten Bøås
28 Libya: From Authoritarianism to Fragmentation and Possible
New Beginnings 365
Réjeanne Lacroix
29 Madagascar: An Utterly Weak and Inefficient
Intelligence Community 379
Adrien M. Ratsimbaharison and Juvence F. Ramasy
30 Malawi: The Role of “Paramilitary” Groups in Political
Surveillance 391
Paul Chiudza Banda