The Hajj and Europe in the Age of Empire

286 Pages·2016·2.166 MB·English

by  Umar Ryad (ed.)

TheHajjandEuropeintheAgeofEmpire
Leiden Studies
in Islam and Society
Editors
LéonBuskens(LeidenUniversity)
PetraM.Sijpesteijn(LeidenUniversity)
EditorialBoard
MauritsBerger(LeidenUniversity)–R.MichaelFeener
(OxfordUniversity)–NicoKaptein(LeidenUniversity)
JanMichielOtto(LeidenUniversity)–DavidS.Powers(CornellUniversity)
volume 5
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/lsis
The Hajj and Europe in
the Age of Empire
Editedby
UmarRyad
leiden | boston
Thisisanopenaccesstitledistributedunderthetermsofthecc-by-ncLicense,which
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Coverillustration:AnsichtdeMoschee,währenddarineingemeinschaftlichesÇalätabgehaltenwird.
Englishtranslation:Viewofthemosque,whilecongregationalÇalat[i.e.,Salat]arebeingheldinside.
Photographattributedtoal-SayyidʿAbdal-Ghaffār,PhysicianofMecca,byscholarClaudeSui.FromVolume
ii,page88.Plateno.iinportfolio:BilderausMekka,C.SnouckHurgronje.Leiden:E.J.Brill,1889.lot7088
[item][p&p],LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,d.c.20540usa.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Ryad,Umar,editor.
Title:ThehajjandEuropeintheAgeofEmpire/editedbyUmarRyad.
Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,[2017]|Series:LeidenstudiesinIslamand
society;V.5|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:lccn2016035042(print)|lccn2016036427(ebook)|isbn
9789004323346(pbk.):alk.paper)|isbn9789004323353(e-book)
Subjects:lcsh:Muslimpilgrimsandpilgrimages–SaudiArabia–Mecca–History.|
Muslimpilgrimsandpilgrimages–Europe.|Europe–Colonies–Administration.|
Europe–Relations–Islamiccountries.|Islamiccountries–Relgions–Europe.|
Europeans–SaudiArabia–Mecca.
Classification:lccBP187.3.H24342017(print)|lccBP187.3(ebook)|
ddc297.3/52409–dc23
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Contents
Acknowledgements vii
ListofIllustrations viii
Contributors ix
Introduction:TheHajjandEuropeinthePre-ColonialandColonial
Age 1
1 “KilledthePilgrimsandPersecutedThem”:PortugueseEstadodaIndia’s
EncounterswiththeHajjintheSixteenthCentury 14
MahmoodKooria
2 “TheInfidelPilotingtheTrueBeliever”:ThomasCookandtheBusiness
oftheColonialHajj 47
MichaelChristopherLow
3 BritishColonialKnowledgeandtheHajjintheAgeofEmpire 81
JohnSlight
4 FrenchPolicyandtheHajjinLate-Nineteenth-CenturyAlgeria:
GovernorCambon’sReformAttemptsandJulesGervais-Courtellemont’s
PilgrimagetoMecca 112
AldoD’Agostini
5 HeinrichFreiherrvonMaltzan’s“MyPilgrimagetoMecca”:ACritical
Investigation 142
UlrikeFreitag
6 PolishConnectionstotheHajjbetweenMysticalExperience,Imaginary
Travelogues,andActualReality 155
BogusławR.Zagórski
7 OnhisDonkeytotheMountainofʿArafāt:Dr.VanderHoogandhisHajj
JourneytoMecca 185
UmarRyad
vi contents
8 “IHaveToDisguiseMyself”:Orientalism,GyulaGermanus,and
PilgrimageasCulturalCapital,1935–1965 217
AdamMestyan
9 TheFrancoNorthAfricanPilgrimsafterwwii:TheHajjthroughthe
EyesofaSpanishColonialOfficer(1949) 240
JosepLluísMateoDieste
Index 265
Acknowledgements
My sincere gratitude is due to the Leiden University Centre for the Study of
Islam and Society (lucis) and the King Abdul-Aziz Foundation in Riyadh
for their funding of the conference “Europe and Hajj in the Age of Empires:
MuslimPilgrimagepriortotheInfluxofMuslimMigrationintheWest”(Leiden
University,13–14May2013).Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyspecialthankstothe
EuropeanResearchCouncil(erc)forsupportingmyercStartingGrantProject
“Neithervisitors,norcolonialvictims:MuslimsinInterwarEuropeandEuropean
Trans-culturalHistory”(UtrechtUniversity,2014–2019).Thegeneroussupport
oftheerchasalsomadethepublicationofthepresentvolumeinOpenAccess
possible.TheBerlinGraduateSchoolMuslimCulturesandSocieties(bgsmcs,
FreieUniversitätBerlin)wasalsograciousinhostingmeasavisitingresearcher
inthesummerof2016.Ialsothanktheteammembersoftheercproject—
Soumia Middelburg-Ait-Hida, Mehdi Sajid, Sophie Spaan, Tolga Teker, and
Andrei Tirtan—for their cooperation and fruitful input during the last two
yearstomakeourjointworksuccessful.
List of Illustrations
1.1 FacadeofJāmiʿmosque,Ponnāni,establishedinthesixteenthcentury 29
2.1 JohnMasonCook,c.1890 54
2.2 Cook’sOrientalTravellers’GazetteandHomeandForeignAdvertiser,1890 58
2.3 ThomasCookMeccaPilgrimageTicket,1886 65
4.1 FrontpageofGervais-Courtellemont’stravelogue 131
5.1 ExcerptfromvonMaltzan’sdiary 153
6.1 Risale-iTatar-ıLeh,inOttomanTurkishandinPolish 157
6.2 ThemosqueinŁowczyce(WesternBelarus),homelandofKontuś 160
6.3 ThegraveofKontuśintheMuslimcemeteryofŁowczyce 161
6.4 ThecoverpageofthetravelbookbyIgnacyŻagiell 169
6.5 VariousPolishTranslationsofIslamicsources 172
6.6 PolishtranslationsofIslamicsources 173
6.7 APolish-Tatarhandwrittenprayerbookfromthe19thc. 175
6.8 TheMuftiofPoland,Dr.JakubSzynkiewicz(sitting,firstfromtheright)with
KingʿAbdal-ʿAzīz(inthecentre),CountRaczyński(ontheleft)andSaudi
officials(standing)inJeddah,May1930 176
7.1 PilgrimsonboardinJeddah(takenfromVanderHoog’sbook).Dutchcaptions
readasfollows:xviii.Pilgrimscomingonboardxix.Thedeckofapilgim
boat. 202
7.2 VanderHoogonhisdonkeyontheMountainofʿArafāt(takenfromVander
Hoog’sbook).Dutchcaptionreads:Theauthoronhisdonkeyattheplainof
Arafah. 204
7.3 VanderHoog’spieceoftheKiswahofKaʿba(takenfromVanderHoog’sbook).
Dutchcaptionreadsviii.Apieceofthekiswahthattheauthorreceivedasa
gift. 206
8.1 “ThePilgrimofScholarship”:anofficialphotoofGyulaGermanus(1939) 225
8.2 GyulaGermanusdressedasasailorontheship“Duna”(1939) 228
8.3 KatóKajári,Ms.Germanus,inMecca(1965) 236
8.4 GyulaGermanusduringhislastpilgrimageinMecca(1965) 237
9.1 “PeregrinosdelProtectoradoespañolenMarruecosabordodelMarquésde
Comillas”(1937or1938) 245
9.2 MoroccanPilgrimsin1949 251
Contributors
MahmoodKooria
is a post-doctoral fellow at the International Institute for Asian Studies and
theAfricanStudiesCentre,Leiden.HecompletedhisPh.D.onthecirculation
ofIslamiclegalideasandtextsacrosstheIndianOceanandEasternMediter-
raneanworldsattheLeidenUniversityInstituteforHistory.Heearnedhism.a.
andM.Phil.inHistoryatJawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi.Hehasco-
editedavolumewithMichaelPearsontitledMalabarintheIndianOcean:Cos-
mopolitanisminaMaritimeHistoricalRegion(OxfordUniversityPress,forth-
coming).
MichaelChristopherLow
is Assistant Professor of History at Iowa State University. He completed his
Ph.D. at Columbia University (2015) and is currently finishing his first book
project,tentativelytitledTheMechanicsofMecca:TheOttomanHijazandthe
IndianOceanHajj.HisresearchfocusesontheLateOttomanandmodernMid-
dleEasternperiodaswellasontheIndianOceanandenvironmentalhistory.
His most recent article, “Ottoman Infrastructures of the Saudi Hydro-State:
TheTechnopoliticsofPilgrimageandPotableWaterintheHijaz,”Comparative
StudiesinSocietyandHistory (2015) received the American Society for Envi-
ronmental History’s 2016 Alice Hamilton article prize. His research has been
supportedbytheAmericanInstituteforYemeniStudies,ColumbiaUniversity’s
Institute for Religion, Culture, and Public Life, the David L. Boren National
SecurityEducationProgram,theInstituteofTurkishStudies,andKoçUniver-
sity’sResearchCenterforAnatolianCivilizations.
JohnSlight
isaResearchFellowinHistoryatSt.John’sCollege,UniversityofCambridge,
wherehecompletedhisb.a.,M.Phil.andPh.D.Hisresearchinterestsinclude
the Red Sea, its surrounding littorals and this area’s links with Britain since
c.1850,ArabiaandthegreaterMiddleEastduringtheFirstWorldWar,andthe
relationship between British imperialism and Islamic religious practices. He
istheauthorofTheBritishEmpireandtheHajj,1865–1956(HarvardUniversity
Press,2015).
AldoD’Agostini
is a post-doctoral researcher at the IMAf (Intitut des Mondes Africains). He
studiedattheSapienzaUniversityofRomeandreceivedhisPh.D.fromAix-
x contributors
MarseilleUniversity.HismainresearchfocusesareonthehistoryofFrenchand
Italian colonialism in Africa and the Mediterranean, European discourse on
‘pan-Islamism’inthecolonialage,andtheentanglementsbetweenEuropean
Islam-policiesandempire-buildinginthenineteenthcentury.
UlrikeFreitag
is a historian of the modern Middle East and the director of Zentrum Mod-
ernerOrientinBerlinaswellasprofessorofIslamicStudiesatFreieUniver-
sität Berlin. After completing her doctorate on Syrian Historiography in the
20th Century (Hamburg 1990), she worked on South Yemen while lecturing
at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. In 2003 she pub-
lished Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut (Leiden,
Brill). She has since published on translocality and global history, while her
own research focuses on urban history in a global context. Recent contribu-
tionsincludeSaudi-Arabien—einKönigreichimWandel?(ed.Paderborn2010),
TheCityintheOttomanEmpire.Migrationandthemakingofurbanmodernity,
(ed.withFuhrmann,Lafi,andRiedler,London2011),UrbanGovernanceUnder
theOttomans,(ed.withLafi,London2014),andUrbanViolenceintheMiddle
East,(ed.withFuccaro,Ghrawi,andLafi,NewYork,Oxford2015).
BogusławR.Zagórski
isthefounderanddirectoroftheIbnKhaldunInstituteinWarsaw.Hestud-
ied Arabic and Islamic Studies at Warsaw University. He also studied at the
UniversityofOran-Es-Senia(Algeria),InstitutBourguiba(Tunis),Institutdes
LanguesetCivilisationsOrientales(inalco)—ParisiiiandÉcolePratiquedes
HautesÉtudes(Paris),aswellastheHighSchoolofJournalisminAarhus(Den-
mark).FormanyyearshewasamemberoftheSupremeCounciloftheIslamic
Religious Union in Poland. He is also a member of the Commission for the
StandardizationofGeographicalNamesOutsidePolishBorders(ksng)andthe
UnitedNationsGroupofExpertsonGeographicalNames(ungegn).
UmarRyad
isAssociateProfessorofIslamicStudiesatUtrechtUniversity.Priortothis,he
wasAssistantProfessorofIslamicStudiesatLeidenUniversity(2008–2014).He
earnedab.a.inIslamicStudies(inEnglish)fromAl-AzharUniversityinCairo,
followedbyanm.a.andaPh.D.inIslamicStudies,bothfromLeidenUniversity.
HealsotaughtattheuniversitiesofBernandOsloandwasaresearchfellow
at the University of Bonn, Zentrum Moderner Orient (zmo), and The Berlin
GraduateSchoolMuslimCulturesandSocietiesinBerlin.Hiscurrentresearch
focusesonthedynamicsofthenetworksofIslamicreformistandpan-Islamist