The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania

331 Pages·2010·7.313 MB·English

by  Frank Marlowe

TheH adza
Hunter-GaotTfha enrzearnsi a
FraWn.k M arlowe
,Q3
UNIEVRSITOYFC ALIFORNPIRAE SS
Berekle·y LoAsn gele·s L ondon
r:
I
I
UniverosfiC tayl iforPnrieaso sn,eo ft hem ostd istin­
guishuendi verpsrietsys ients h eU niteSdt ateensr,i ches
livaerso untdh ew orlbdy a dvancsicnhgo larisnht ihpe
humanitsioecsi,sa cli encaensdn, a tursacli encIetss.
activiatriese usp porbtyet dh eUC PresFso undatainodn
byp hilanthcroonptirci buftrioomin nsd ividaunadil ns­
stitutFioornm so.r ei nformatviioswni,wt w .ucpress.edu.
OrigionfsH umanB ehaviaonrdC ultuNroe.,3
UniversoifCt ayl iforPnrieas s
Bekreleayn dL osA ngeleCsa,l ifornia
UniversoifCt ayl iforPnrieasL st,d .
LondonE,n gland
20IOb yT heR egenotfst heU niversoifCt ayl ifornia
©
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloginPgu-biilcna-tiDoant a
MarlowFer,a nkI,9 54-
TheH adz:ah unter-gatohfeT raenrzsa niFar ank
I
Marlowe.
W.
p. em.- (Origoifnh su manb ehaviaonrdc ulture)
Inclubdiesbi lorgaphirceafle reanncdei sn dex.
ISBN9 78-o-po-253(4cIl-o:4t a hlkp.a pe-r)ISBN
978--o502·25342I- (pb:k a.lkp.a per)
r. Hats(aA fripceaonp le)-Hunt2i.nHg a.t sa
(Afripceaonpe l)-Food3.· H atsa (Afpreiocpalne )­
Socilailfaen dc ustoms4.· Huntinagn dg athering
societTiaensz-ani5a..S ocieaclo logTya-nzania.
6.S ocieavlo lution-Tanz7a·n Tiaan.z ania-Social
lifaen dc ustomsI..T ilte.
DT443·3.H37M327o io
305.896'I-dc22 2009033727
Manufactuirnte hdeU niteSdt atoefsA merica
I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 II IO
IO 9 8 7 6 42
Thep apeurs eidn t hipsu blicatmieoent tsh em inimum
requiremoefnA tNsS IINISZO3 9.48-I(9R9I 29 97)
(PermoaPfna epnecre) .
8
Coveprh otograAp Hha:d zmaa ns hooatnsa rroawt a n
animailnt het reePsh.o tboy t hea utohr.
dedictahtbieos o tko t hHea dztah,fe a ntiacs,t
I
wonderHfaudlza an,dt om ya dviasnedmr e n­
torP,ro feNsiscohro las jBolnuewrsht,oo n
introdmuect eotd h Hea dzNai.c wka ss imply
thge; eataedsvtio sneecr o uelvd ehra ve.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
r.T hHea dzaanE dv olutTihoenoarryy:
AnI ntroduction I
HabiatnaHdti story II
2.
3.S ocOiragla nizBaetliiaoennfPd,sr ,a ctices
4·M aterCiuallt ure
Foraging IOI
5·
6-.LiHfeis tory 133
7·M ating r6s
8.P arenting I95
9·C ooperatFiooond -aSnhda ring 225
ro.T heM ediFaonr agHeurmsa:in ns
Cross-SPpeercspieecst ive
AfterwTohreHd a:d za ParneFdsu etnutr e
References
Index
Acknowledgments
It hatnhkfe o wlilnoAgu:d aMxa buflolaras sisitnTa annczea wniitah
permisasdivoinficsee,la, ds sisatnadmna tnsey,n yjaobdlies cussions.
ColD.rY .ad oMn. K ohDii,r eGcetonreo rfta hlTe a nzaCnoimamni s­
sifoonr ScaniTdee ncchen o(lOCoSTgEyC Hf)o r pertmoci osnsdiuocnt
reseaarnctdhh m,ea noyf ficaitta hlrese giodinsatlra,in wcdat r,ld e vels
ofg overnJmoehnatnK.n leespL peenK,el epDpaev,Bi ydg oatntJd,e an­
netHtaebn ya,sw elalsC hrisatniNdaa nnSi m elling, for invaluable help
anhdo spiitnTaa lniztayDn aiuaPd.ei t erTshoaPnde, t erasnModin c, hael
Peterasnotdnh eir fwosirov m eusch he lapd,v iacnegd,o otdi mes in
TaznanRioag.Se wra gfloerr edhietlCopor.li eaBtlet reb efsoqfirue el d­
worhke,lw pi th ifimgaugredesas,tc,a o llectioann,dd i asncaulsyssiiosn,s
ofe voluttihoenoaarnrtydyh Hea zdaP.e tGerraf yoh re lwpi tFhAr e­
searBcrhiW.ao ond sfhoarr sionmogefh ihsa rd-dwaotna . ACpoirceenl la
fosro mcuocathuh orainnFdgi gu7·r5ea, lownigtT ho nLyi tAtllyes.s a
CrittaennCddl eanPi orretf eobrre itnhgbe e sfite ldwotrook veerrss ee
mys iwthei Ila emg onHee.lw pi th expaenrcdio mmemnetonsnpt asp ers
froEml izthaC baeshdMaymn a.n Tyan zanaisatsnai nsts-PBaussthoorzyi ,
RevocBautguusm Hboak,k Mia nonHgaap,p Mys ofDea,n nNyg um­
buke, GNogludmebnua kned, EpMhurtaaikmy aa-hfwotrh eliorn g
houorfds i ffificeulldtw KoirrMkki. l laenrd BSoannnfdyos lr i nsgtuiic
informatiWooond.b uJfraoinmrne vsa liunafbolrema antgdio ootndi mes
int hfiee ladnt dh UeK L.a rSsm iftohsr h arinagn hddi kasnot wal eodfg e
thHea dziant hbeu sahn fdo hro spiitnta rlaintBsyri utWc.ie n terhalder
Acknowledgments
X
anEdr iScm iftohmr a kimnagn hye lpsfuuglg esotnai no nesra orulgyh
draofftt h bios oKkr.i sHtaewnk aensJd a mOes'o Cnnfeolirld eaansd
discusNsainonneBsta.ti efl oeeryn couraagnemdmo ernsatul p pMoyr t.
sisJtuelMria ar lowe Swaalgwlabeyersis nufgpo pro Ir ttihvGaeen.ok ff rey
Thomfaosmr a kiFnigg u3r·Ne3a ·t ioSncaileF nocuen daftofiirno ann cial
suppvoirgatr an#t0s54 475#10,2 452,54# or6376#r9,9 7r6,a6 n8d
#95 9227a8sw, e lalsW illFi.Ma iml tFounn Mda,c ArtFhouurn dation,
LekaeFyo undaJtiiTmour nn,ea rnU dC LAG raduDaitvei sUiCoLnAD, e ­
partmoefAn ntt hroogpyHo,al rvaDredp artomfAe nntthp �rloogayn,d
FlmiSdtaaU tnei veDrespiatryt omfAe nntthp rogolyoB.l aEkdeg aatUr C
Press foornt htiask ipanrngopd rj oevcitd ingf eveadlbtuahacaebkr l,te
editfoorrs hasnomd alniiynm ga gaensDd,e borMaashfi o r shkleifrlu l
produecdtiitoNinin cgh.oB llausrJ toonfneo shr im se ntoArnidmn ogs.t of
altlhH ea dza, partiBcaulflaoaa,rrn lsyw esGromui adnnogqy u estions.
CHAPTERI
TheH adzaan d
EvolutioTnhaeroyr y
AnI ntroduction
ThHea dzoafT anzaanroiena oe ft hvee rfye swo ciaentyiwehsie ntr hee
worlwdh os tillilvbye h uinntg gaantdh eHruinntge.tr h-egraaerres
peopwlheof orafgoweri ld fporoadcstn,io cc iunlgt iovraa tniiomna l
husanbdTrhye. fact thats tftiohlrela mgHaiakndtegzhs ae imana rvleu ­
abtloer esearicnhteerrisent s htleei df eosfot uyarln ec estorasg rbie­fore
cultsuogr ree aatlltyeh ruemdas no cieTthieHe asd.zh aa ppteoln i ivne
EasAtf riacnaa r,er ai cihnh omifnoisn(s Fiilgsru .r.HIe o) minins are
all stpheoc(siuAees st raloapafirtehnPesacirusas,n thbrooipHsuoesmi o,
erecettucts.h,)as th awrietu hsa c ommoann cetshtaotr difrvoemr ged
thaen ceosfto uocrrl osleisvrtie nlga cthiivmepsa,an nzbdeo enso bos, 6-7
millyieoaanrg s(o m yTaod)a.wy e,h umaanrste h seo sluer vihvoimni.gn. i n
Humaannstd h ehiorm iannicne shtaovorecs c upEiaesAdtf ricaas for
lonagst hehyae ve xisFtoetrde .s teivnogln uatriyo,hypaobtophuaetss te s
ecoloignifclaulae nnodcu etsc oimwteo su,lb ded iffitcofiu nladtl iving
socimeotrryee letvhaatnnhtH e a dzTah.eh ya vbee esnt udeixetde nsively,
bustu rprinsoEi nngglliys h-alnatnhgruoapgboeol oohkga ibsce aeplnu b­
lisuhnetdnio lw .1
Ib egmaynr esewairtcthhhH ea dzaI 99i wn5h eIn wwaosr koinn g
myP h.aDtU. C LAS.i ntcheeI nh ,a vbee en Ib 5ta icmkfe osrt oato afl
abo4u yte ars alEtvoesgnoeI ,ts hpeera.k al ointbltiyol tfte h Hea dza
In1 95K8o hl-Lwarroastb eeon o iknG ermbaunit,ht a s nottr abneselna ted.
r.
2 ThHea daznaEd v olutTihoenoarryy
J
.J
l I
/
(I';
N •Gona SOMALIA
I )
\ ETHIOPIA -. ..._
·-... ........... --:
,......�
(.._,_ SereNnagteitPolan rakl
SUDAN \.. ,'"' km �oCratrer o
\ •Omo
-t\ MASAI
.,-- ·.K·..o..o.. Fb.oIir n 5UKUMA Old.eKaarnalt u
. -..,. ,�L :a...k...,r·e �· - k.aM.ans-waa. Game Prcsorv(1
·�·/\')
\ �
UGANDA ). TugHeni lls
/ KENYA
,rjCh e'sowlaa n.
IRAMBA
i•? (•
.:> Olota·sgnlllc• 'Munguli
-VI<!toarkl�-o/ . ... ,�..e._nl nj IRAQW
;'YJr. �. o�';1 ;val
•L aetoll
e • Murnba
HADZA
TANZANIA
Figru.rMrea. p o fE asAtf rischao,wH iandgaz raei anr elattoti holeno cations
ofh omifnoisnss iitIlen sss.eh to Hwasd za(liainndssdeh adreidnw gi)tk he y
locatais omnasfl olian nnt d noafnm eeisg hbeotrhginrniogcui pnals a rge
font.
langu(aHagdez abneec)a Iuc saecn ommuniwciatthe H tahdezi an
Kiswathhielsiier,c olnadn guMaygr ee.s eeanrtcahbi elhsa vsiaomr­al
plimnega,s uroefmf eonoatdc quisainctdoi nosnu mpstkiipolrnle,sf ,e r­
encaensrt,oh pomedtermyo,g raanpadhv ya,r ioeftt oyp uiscisen xgp er­
imenatnsid n terAviloelftw hsri.es s earche vionlvuotltivhoeensoa rryy
as guai tdohe y pottheesstiIiis nn gt.et nhbdio so tkos eravsae g eneral
ethnogorfat phHheay d zbau,Ita lshoo pteop ersutahudene i nitiated
thaante volutviioeinwesa s rsye fnoturin adle rsthaunmdaiIntn shg.e re­
foraei tmo m akteh beo oakc cestsori ebaldewe irtlshi tftalmei liarity
witehv oluttihoenoarryy.
ThHea daznaEd v olutTihoenoarryy 3
Natusrealle cetxipolnha oiwna sn dw hye voluotcicou(nraD sr win
I8 5 9I)n.d ivwiidtuha lcste rratiatisn survivmeo rsaeun cdc ersesp­roduce
fultlhyai nn divwiidtuha ltosrt ahTiehtrges e .n iensv oilnvp erdo ducing
thossuec cetsrsafaiurtlpes a ssoentd o t hnee xgte neriantg iroena ter
numbeDrasr.wd iinnd 9 ktn wo aboguetn beusht,ek new twreariient ­s
heritthemedo ;d etrhne oorfsy e lechtatidoo a nwi atth ree idscoovfe ry
Mendegleinaenat nitdch sse y nthoefMs einsd ewls'w si tDlhaa rwin's
theobryey a rployp ulgaetnieotn(i FciisIsh9te,3sHr 0a lndeIa 93,2W right
I913)N.a tural lseealtdeoasc d taitpoitnoaG ne.n tehsap tr omomtoer e
optiumsaoelfr eusrociens eannv irornemlsetiun net n hanscuerdv ival
anrde prodoufct thiecoianrr rainecdro sn,s eqeuaecnht lsyvu egc ecne­ssi
eratbieocno mmoersae d apttote hdee n viroWnhmeetnnh tee.n vironment
changthepeso ,p ulwatieilvolten un atlrlaytc hkce h anogrge ose xtinct.
Theen viroinnmcelneutevd reyst hcilnigmf:al toaern,afd a una, predators,
parasaintmdee sm,b eorfos n eo'wsns pec(icesospn eccsiC)fio.n specifics
arees peciimaplolryat maonntsg o cainailm lailuksseb ecausaen dk in
potenrtiivaaalll lsai,ne mdsa ,t heasv aes troinmgp aocnat ni ndividual's
reprcotdisuvuec c(eRsSs) .
Ourb odiaensbd e havhiaovbree esnh apbeycd o mpetbiettiwoene n
indiviintdh uea lapsna wdse ta ,lh la vien heroiugtre ende st hfweri onm­
nerosft hacto mpetSietxiuosanef.l ecitsti h.oecn o mpoonfn(! anttu ral
seletchtaditeo anwl istr he prod(uDcatriIwo8 in7n) IU . l tim,ga rteealtyer
RSm attmeorrtse h alno ngebveictanyuo o's nele i vfeosr eEvveeirno.f n e
livteobd ea t housyaenaodrl swd i,t hroeuptr odounceio'nwsgn , genes
wounlodt p abseso ensd,oo nep'esr s(oondrai lr fietcntwe)os usbl edz ero.
We csaente h,e rewfhoysr eel,e schtoiuolnd commionndliyv ifdauvaolrs
who seelxfipslrhoeluisyrto c feotsrh eoiwrnr epurcotdbievnee( fiitn divid­
uasle lenc)t.i o
Ouru nderstoafhn odwie novgl utwioornkg sr eaetxlpya nwdheedn
WillHiaammi l(It 69o4ne) x plawihnyde,ed s piintdei vsiedlueacwlte i on,
obsesreveem ianlgtlrybu eihsativinmica o nrs yp ecHiaemsi.l ftoornm'usl a
telulsws h esne lecsthoiuoflnad vo onrie n divhiedlupaailnno gt Thheer .
formcualbnaee xpreassCs eBdrw ,h eCre eq utahlceso tsott hhee lper,
<
Be qutahlbese netfiott hb ee nerfiyca,in rade qutahldese groefre e lated­
nesbse twheeelnap nebdre neficWihaetrnhy he.e lapnebdre nefiacriea ry
retleabdy 5 0%a,sf uslilb lairnoegn as v· reagaes, lotnhgbe e ansei fist
moret han twciocs(ete .btgeh.ne,=e fi2.tIan cdo =sI t,) wiitpl aloy n e
sibtloih neglt pho et hbeerc a0u.,s52,eI . =10 .5> IM.o rper ecitsheelrye,
ipso sisteilveefc otari ogne nper otmhoahttee lspr ienlga (tenipvoets)i .s m
Hamil(tIo49n)t6 huisn trodtuhcceoe ndc oefip ntc lufistinveAesn s .
4 ThHea daznaEd v olutTihoenoarryy
invdiiduianlci'lvsfiue ts niesnsc ltuhdpeee sr soownn'R sS( idreficttn ess)
pluhsio srh eerf foenco tt hwehrosc artrhyse a mael lbeylc eosm modne ­
scewneti,g hbtye dt he dreelgarteeed noefts hse (mbid eintrweecetn fitness)
(rCe1e9l1 9H,a mil1t9o46n,L u caCsr,ea enlWd,a s e1r9 96).
Ther easHoanm iltpoanpw'earsss ucahp rooufndde lvoepmweanst
thaitte xplasieneemdi anlgtlryub ieshtarivw cii othionuvto kgirnogu p
selecOtnieo np.r oopfog nreonsutep l ecWtyinonne,- Ed(w1a29r)d6 s
hasdu ggetshtaaetp d o pulaotfbi iornd s rietrsset prraoidnutsco t ion
avooivde rexploofi traetsaionoutdnro p c reesvg ernoteu xpt ionnBc.ut ti
DavLiadc k(9'1s6 6e)x pmeernihtsaa dl resahdoywt nh aotp ticmlault ch
sizrea,t htehram na ximculmu tscihzw ea,sf avobreecda auf seem ale
whol atiodmo a neyg gfsl edfgeewcdeh ri tchkaswn h esneh l aid the opti­
manlu mbGe.rC ..W illi(9a16ms6m a)d teh cea tsheLa atc ekx'psl anation
ofr eprodruecsttiwrvaaemsi o nrte cownistibhsa tsDeiancrt w itnhieaonr y
becaruesset irnacirnetta hisene ddi vmiodtuhaRelrS '.s
Darwinna'tsus realle wcatfsiuo nnd ameanbtoaiulntld yi vciodmu­als
petfionrrge souarnctdeu sr ntihneigmn tmoor oefs fprtihnagt nh eriir­
valhsa (di ndisvleiedocuntaN)ilo. n ethbeeloferHseas m,i ltsoenm'isn al
papoenrce,o mmohnelaygr rdo suepl eacrtgiuomnle in"ktusesb ordinates
defteodr o minianndtui avilodsr"" t hsel owaensitmg aelte sa tbeytn h e
predabteocra"iu ts" eofi rts h geo oodft hsep e.ciE"ev seDna rwhiinm ­
seilnfv ogkreodsu epl ecttoe ixopnlb aeihna vsieoeirnnw arfsaaryegi, n
that wthhowo esrebe r avest,d earttiohss akvitenhg e ir wgoruoludp ,
makteh bee swta rriaontrdsh aste lf-sabcerhiafivwcioiounrleg dv olve
formt hedierf eaottihgnergro u(pDsa r1w7i8n1 O)n.t hoet hhearn d, he
hando e xplanatthieeox ni sftooefsrn t ceecr aislwteie tshb ienew sa,s ps,
anadn tbsur,te cogtnhitazhte edii nra birleiptryo pdtouosc aeep d o ten­
tiaflaltbyal lot woh itsh eoorfny a tusrealle ctthiadote np enodnre ed­
producHtaimoinl.tf oonr'mpsur loav iadnee xdp lanTahtesi toenr:i le
workheerlsp ed tmhaekm eoq ruseei esnft oetrrh se m begicvateuhnse ei r
haplo-gdeinpelstoyiiscdtt e hmew ye rmeo rcel osreellyat tote hdes iirs ters
(=r75.%T )hiesx planhaitgiholnit ghhaititttes hd ge e nneo,tt h ger oup
ort he indtihviasisted lueaBclet,ce adgu.es nebe esh aavsiet f h eayrs ee lfish,
indivsiodmueatlbisem heausvn es el(fiaDswhkliy1n 9s7 6).
Noo neev epru zzolveewdrh yam othwearws i lltiorn ighs eklr i tfoe
protheecortf frsipntgh;ea yr e gheenrve esh'i icnltteohsf e u tuHreel.p ­
inogt hkeirn odfks i cna bne f avofroetrdh � ea rne reevaestnho onu,g h
thpea tthot hnee xgte nerialste idsoisnr Heactml.it ornu'tlsee ul lsts h at
eveamn o thweirsl olm etfiamtieohls e lhpeo rf pfrsiHnegir.n tearneds ts
thoosfhe e orf fspdroni onotgv erplearpf ebcetclasyuh sseeh aroensl y