The Habsburg Empire under Siege: Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–76)

629 Pages·2021·13.186 MB·English

by  Georg B. Michels

the
habsburg empire
under siege

t h e
h a b s b u r g e m p i r e
u n d e r s i e g e
Ottoman Expansion and Hungarian Revolt
in the Age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü
(1661–76)

Georg B. Michels

mcgill-queen’s university press
Montreal & Kingston • London • Chicago
© McGill-Queen’s University Press 2021

isbn 978-0-2280-0575-9 (cloth)
isbn 978-0-2280-0697-8 (epdf)
isbn 978-0-2280-0698-5 (epub)

Legal deposit first quarter 2021
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free
(100% post-consumer recycled), processed chlorine free

This book has been published with the help of a grant from the
College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, University of
California at Riverside.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: The Habsburg Empire under siege : Ottoman expansion and
Hungarian revolt in the age of Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü
(1661-76) / Georg B. Michels.
Names: Michels, Georg Bernhard, author.
Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200369512 | Canadiana (ebook)
20200369709 | isbn 9780228005759 (cloth) | isbn 9780228006978
(epdf) | isbn 9780228006985 (epub)
Subjects: lcsh: Hungary—History—17th century. | lcsh: Revolutions—
Hungary—History—17th century. | lcsh: Habsburg, House of. | lcsh:
Turkey—History—17th century.
Classification: lcc db932.3 .m53 2021 | ddc 943.9/041—dc23

This book was designed and typeset by studio oneonone in Minion 11/14
To the memory of my teachers,
Edward L. Keenan
Dean S. Worth

Contents
Figures / ix
Acknowledgments / xi
Note on Seventeenth-Century Hungary / xv
Maps / xviii

Introduction / 3

1
Land without Borders: Ottoman Expansion in Habsburg Hungary
under Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü (1661–70) / 27

2
“It Is Safer under the Turks”: Hungarians’ Quest for Physical Survival
and Religious Protection (1661–70) / 65

3
Upper Hungary and the Ottomans: Protestant Resistance, Hope for
Ottoman Intervention, and the 1670 Revolt / 98
viii contents
4
Ottoman Mobilization, Habsburg War Panic, and Mass Repression
in Hungary (1670–72) / 138

5
The Making of a Powder Keg: Popular Resistance and
Revolt (1670–72) / 173

6
Trans-Imperial Networks: Hungarian Exiles, Ottoman Power Brokers,
and Popular Rebels (1670–72) / 210

7
The World Turned Upside Down: The 1672 Revolt, Habsburg Collapse,
and the Ottomans / 251

8
The Aftermath: The Slide to War and the Fragmentation
of Habsburg Power (1672–76) / 297

Conclusion / 340

Abbreviations / 349
Glossaries / 353
Notes / 363
Bibliography / 537
Index / 573
Figures
1.1 Portrait of Grand Vizier Ahmed (Achmet) Köprülü during the siege
of Érsekújvár. Engraving (ca. 1664) by Jacob Sandrart (1630–1708).
© önb/Vienna Picture Archive PORT_00002450_01 / 34
1.2 Ground Plan of Érsekújvár (Neiheisel) Fortress, 1639. önb, Manu-
script Collection, Codex 8623, Regni Hungariae Confinia delineata,
fol. 9r. © önb/Vienna Picture Archive E 21346-D / 36
1.3 Withdrawal of the Habsburg imperial army from Érsekújvár, 1663.
© önb/Vienna Picture Archive 229.090-B / 38
1.4 Portrait of Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609–80). © önb/Vienna
Picture Archive PORT_00094818_01 / 49
1.5 Ground plan of Szatmár Fortress and town, 1670. Szatmár veduta.
Copperplate engraving by the artist Johann Martin Lerch (1659–84),
in Gualdo Priorato, Historia, 1: 456–7. mnm tk Grafikai Gyűjtemény,
T. 3889. © mnm / 61
2.1 Portrait of Emperor Leopold I, 1667. © önb/Vienna Picture Archive
PORT_00046713_01 / 71
2.2 Views of Kálló (Kalo) Fortress and town, 1665. Kálló veduta. Copper-
plate engraving (1665–72) by the field engineer Lucas Georg Ssicha, in
Theatrum Europaeum, vol. 9 (Frankfurt a. M., 1672), Tafel 44. mnm tk
Grafikai Gyűjtemény, T. 509. © mnm / 91
3.1 View of Tokaj (Tokay) Fortress and town, ca. 1670. Anonymous
copperplate engraving (ca. 1670). © önb/Vienna Picture Archive
KAR0515049 / 129