The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression PDF
Preview The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression
Copyright This edition first published in the United States and the United Kingdom in 2011 by Overlook Duckworth NEW YORK: The Overlook Press Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. 141 Wooster Street New York, NY 10012 www.overlookpress.com For bulk and special sales, please contact [email protected] LONDON: Gerald Duckworth Publishers Ltd. 90-93 Cowcross Street London EC1M 6BF www.ducknet.co.uk [email protected] Copyright © 2001 by David Brewer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or broadcast. ISBN 978-1-46831-251-5 For Elisabeth Rise like Lions after slumber In unvanquishable number – Shake your chains to earth like dew Which in sleep have fallen on you. —SHELLEY, The Mask of Anarchy Contents Copyright Dedication Epigraph Illustrations Acknowledgements A note on pronunciation A note on currencies and prices Maps 1. Revolution and the Great Church 2. Resentment and Regeneration 3. Two Prophets of Revolution 4. The Philikí Etería 5. Ali Pasha 6. Revolt along the Danube 7. Doubts and Deliberations in the South 8. The Storm Breaks 9. The Land War 10. The War at Sea 11. The Turkish Reaction 12. The Capture of Tripolis 13. Forming a Government 14. The Eyes of the World on Greece 15. The Philhellenes in Action 16. Chios 17. The Expedition of Dramali 18. The Greeks Divided 19. Byron’s Road to Greece 20. Byron at Mesolongi 21. Gold from London 22. Civil War in Greece 23. Ibrahim in the Peloponnese 24. The Involvement of the Powers 25. Odysseus and Trelawny 26. The Fall of Mesolongi 27. The Second English Loan 28. Desperate Remedies 29. Athens, the Last Ottoman Success 30. The Treaty of London and the Admirals’ Instructions 31. Navarino 32. Kapodhístrias, a Border and a King Notes Select Bibliography Index Illustrations 1. Alphonse-Apollodore Callet, L’Embarquement des Parganiotes 2. Koraís and Rígas, by Albrecht Adam 3. Ali Pasha on the lake at Butrint, by Louis Dupré 4. A sketch of Ali Pasha’s Iánnina 5. Monemvasía, by P. Baccouel 6. Bishop Yermanós raising the flag of independence, by Ludovico Lipparini 7. Portrait of Theódhoros Koloktrónis, lithograph by Franz Hanfstaengl 8. Makriyánnis, by Hanfstaengl 9. Mavrokordhátos: in 1819, lithograph by Gallot; as fop, lithograph by Hanfstaengl; and as military commander, by Oliver Voutier 10. Byron as glorious youth, by Thomas Phillips 11. Byron aged 35, by Count d’Orsay 12. Eugène Delacroix, Scènes des massacres de Scio 13. The Valley of the Soúli, engraving after a painting by W. L. Leitch 14. Thomas Gordon, lithograph by Hanfstaengl 15. Andréas Miaoúlis, lithograph by Hanfstaengl 16. Edward John Trelawny, by Joseph Severn 17. Odysseus Andhroútsos, by A. Friedel 18. Eugène Delacroix, La Grèce sur les ruines de Missolonghi 19. Horace Vernet, La Retraite 20. Theódhoros Vrizákis, The Exodus from Mesolongi 21. Panayiótis Zográphos, Siege of Athens, 1826–7 22. Ambroise-Louis Garneray, Navarino, 20th October 1827 23. Iánnis Kapodhístrias, by Am. Bouvier 24. The assassination of Kapodhístrias, by Dhionísios Tsókos The author and publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce illustrations: Plate 1, © Rouen, Musée des Beaux-Arts, photograph Didier Tragin/Catherine Lancien; 2 and 6, National Historical Museum, Athens; 3, 7 and 21, Gennadius Library, American School of Classical Studies, Athens; 4, 9 above left, above right, 10, 11, 14, 15 and 23, John Murray Archive; 12, Musée du Louvre, Paris; 16, National Portrait Gallery, London; 18, © Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux, photograph Lysiane Gauthier; 20, Mesolongi Museum; 22, Private Collection; and 24, Benaki Museum, Athens. Acknowledgements My sincere thanks, not just formal ones, to my agent Bruce Hunter of David Higham Associates, who backed this book from his first sight of the text; to all at John Murray and especially my editor Grant McIntyre, whose perceptive advice gave this book its shape; and to my daughter Sophie and my nephew Nick McDowell who pointed the way through the, to me, uncharted seas of publishing to such congenial havens. The book has been greatly improved by the meticulous and thoughtful copy- editing of Peter James. Any remaining errors are, of course, my responsibility. My thanks also to the unfailingly helpful staff of a number of libraries and museums: in London, the British Library, King’s College Library and the London Library; in Athens, the Gennadios Library and the National Historical Museum; and elsewhere in Greece the Koraís library in Chios, the Mesolongi museum, the Navplion public library, the René Puaux gallery and library in Pílos, and the Centre for Hellenic Studies in Thessalonika. Quotations from Richard Clogg, ed., The Movement for Greek Independence 1770–1821, Macmillan, 1976, are reproduced with permission of Palgrave. Many people have read part or all of the text and their comments have been most valuable. Thank you to Geoffrey Chandler, Irene Chapman, Anne Fleming, Olga Hill, John Laughland, Geoffrey Lewis, Ethel Martin, Christopher and Sue McDowell, Diana Owen, Michael Ward, Bill White and Penry Williams. I am particularly indebted to two friends who have read the whole text: to Nikos Kokantzis, not least for pointing out ways in which I may unwittingly have offended Greek susceptibilities, and to Jerry Schneewind for his unerring advice on accuracy, clarity and proper presentation of the wider picture. Special thanks also to James and Poppet Codrington for access to and guidance through the Codrington papers, and their hospitality while I studied this rich archive. A writer’s family is always part of the making of a book, and my own family has been involved in the fortunes of this one for a long time. Thank you to my daughters, who have given it their interest and backing for as long as they can remember, and to my stepchildren who have joined that chorus of generous encouragement. My biggest thank-you goes to my wife Elisabeth. Her patience and persistence in turning jumbled manuscript into a presentable text, and her forthright comments on it, were invaluable. But her greatest contribution was her love and support throughout the pains and pleasures of the book’s emergence from the chrysalis of an idea to fly off fully formed into the sunlight. It is her book too, and I am delighted to dedicate it to her.
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