The Greek Perfekt Tense in the Gospel of Marc and the Epistle to the Romans

294 Pages·2020·5.951 MB·English

by  Soon Hi Kong

S
o
o
n
“Soon Ki Hong’s book on the discourse function of the NT Greek perfect tense fills an important K
gap. Stanley Porter’s suggestion (1989) that the perfect provides a ‘frontground’ of prominence i

H
in relation to the aorist’s background and the present’s foreground was a distinct departure
o
from the assessment of others working on aspect and discourse, and it has been critiqued but n
at a mostly theoretical level. What was needed was an analysis of a larger body of NT usage to g
assess its validity. Hong’s book has now supplied that analysis in a careful and competent study
of the full text of Mark and of Romans. She calls Porter’s hypothesis into question and suggests Soon Ki Hong
guidelines for the perfect’s discourse function that promise greater usefulness for the study of
other NT texts.” — Buist M. Fanning, Senior Professor Emeritus of New Testament Studies, Dallas
Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas
“In this technical yet practically-minded study of the Greek perfect, Soon Ki Hong seeks to clear
up the confusion over verbal aspect in Biblical Greek for those training in exegesis for ministry. In
her search for clarity, she ably evaluates the conception of the Greek perfect by one of the leading
verbal aspect grammarians and concludes that on balance the Greek perfect is best understood
in the more traditional sense. I hope Dr. Hong’s careful study will inspire many majority-world The Greek Perfect Tense
T
scholars of Biblical Greek to contribute to the discussion.” — Steven S. H. Chang, Professor of h
e
New Testament, Torch Trinity Graduate University, Seoul, South Korea

G
r
e
The Greek Perfect Tense in the Gospel of Mark and the Epistle to the Romans is designed to resolve aek in the Gospel of Mark
n
the confusion that has resulted from Stanley Porter’s understanding of the use of Greek perfect d P
tense. For Porter, the perfect tense functions as a third level of “frontground” which denotes the te
hr
highest prominence on a discourse. Porter has argued that the perfect tense is chosen to deli- efe
ver a present state, disregarding anterior activity. This book supports the validity of a traditional Ec
understanding of the Greek perfect tense, which is rooted in a dual feature. The author argues pt and the Epistle
iT
that the perfect tense is chosen to indicate a present state that results from anterior activity and se
functions as background for main events or themes. The author formulates three rules to dis- tlens
cuss the function of the Greek perfect tense in Mark and Romans. Through the discussion of the toe i
perfect tense using these rules, the author finds it appropriate to interpret all the Greek perfects n
in Mark and Romans in light of the perfect’s inherent dual feature. This book should prove useful th t to the Romans
eh
for seminary students, pastors, or scholars who are struggling with how to interpret the Greek e
R
perfect tense in the New Testament. oG
mo
s
ap
Soon Ki Hong earned her PhD in New Testament studies from Dallas Theological Seminary. She nsel
was a former Greek teacher at Torch Trinity Graduate University in Seoul, and is now a professor o
f
of New Testament at the Southern Reformed Theological College and Seminary in Houston.
M
a
r
k

www.peterlang.com
9781433170706_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 20-Apr-20 16:51:28
S
o
o
n
“Soon Ki Hong’s book on the discourse function of the NT Greek perfect tense fills an important K
gap. Stanley Porter’s suggestion (1989) that the perfect provides a ‘frontground’ of prominence i

H
in relation to the aorist’s background and the present’s foreground was a distinct departure
o
from the assessment of others working on aspect and discourse, and it has been critiqued but n
at a mostly theoretical level. What was needed was an analysis of a larger body of NT usage to g
assess its validity. Hong’s book has now supplied that analysis in a careful and competent study
of the full text of Mark and of Romans. She calls Porter’s hypothesis into question and suggests Soon Ki Hong
guidelines for the perfect’s discourse function that promise greater usefulness for the study of
other NT texts.” — Buist M. Fanning, Senior Professor Emeritus of New Testament Studies, Dallas
Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas
“In this technical yet practically-minded study of the Greek perfect, Soon Ki Hong seeks to clear
up the confusion over verbal aspect in Biblical Greek for those training in exegesis for ministry. In
her search for clarity, she ably evaluates the conception of the Greek perfect by one of the leading
verbal aspect grammarians and concludes that on balance the Greek perfect is best understood
in the more traditional sense. I hope Dr. Hong’s careful study will inspire many majority-world The Greek Perfect Tense
T
scholars of Biblical Greek to contribute to the discussion.” — Steven S. H. Chang, Professor of h
e
New Testament, Torch Trinity Graduate University, Seoul, South Korea

G
r
e
The Greek Perfect Tense in the Gospel of Mark and the Epistle to the Romans is designed to resolve aek in the Gospel of Mark
n
the confusion that has resulted from Stanley Porter’s understanding of the use of Greek perfect d P
tense. For Porter, the perfect tense functions as a third level of “frontground” which denotes the te
hr
highest prominence on a discourse. Porter has argued that the perfect tense is chosen to deli- efe
ver a present state, disregarding anterior activity. This book supports the validity of a traditional Ec
understanding of the Greek perfect tense, which is rooted in a dual feature. The author argues pt and the Epistle
iT
that the perfect tense is chosen to indicate a present state that results from anterior activity and se
functions as background for main events or themes. The author formulates three rules to dis- tlens
cuss the function of the Greek perfect tense in Mark and Romans. Through the discussion of the toe i
perfect tense using these rules, the author finds it appropriate to interpret all the Greek perfects n
in Mark and Romans in light of the perfect’s inherent dual feature. This book should prove useful th t to the Romans
eh
for seminary students, pastors, or scholars who are struggling with how to interpret the Greek e
R
perfect tense in the New Testament. oG
mo
s
ap
Soon Ki Hong earned her PhD in New Testament studies from Dallas Theological Seminary. She nsel
was a former Greek teacher at Torch Trinity Graduate University in Seoul, and is now a professor o
f
of New Testament at the Southern Reformed Theological College and Seminary in Houston.
M
a
r
k

www.peterlang.com
20-Apr-20 16:51:28
The Greek Perfect Tense
in the Gospel of Mark and
the Epistle to the Romans
This book is part of the Peter Lang Humanities list.
Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest
quality standards for content and production.
PETER LANG
New York • Bern • Berlin
Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw
Soon Ki Hong
The Greek Perfect Tense
in the Gospel of Mark and
the Epistle to the Romans
PETER LANG
New York • Bern • Berlin
Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hong, Soon Ki, author.
Title: The greek perfect tense in the gospel of Mark
and the epistle to the Romans / Soon Ki Hong.
Description: New York: Peter Lang, 2020.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
|
Identifiers: LCCN 2019032435 ISBN 978-1-4331-7070-6 (hardback: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4331-7071-3 (ebook pdf)
|
ISBN 978-1-4331-7072-0 (epub) ISBN 978-1-4331-7073-7 (mobi)
|
LCSH: Bible. Mark—Language, style. Bible. Romans—Language,
| |
style. Greek language, Biblical—Tense. Greek language,
|
Biblical—Verb. Porter, Stanley E., 1956– Linguistic analysis
of the Greek New Testament.
|
Classification: LCC BS2585.52 .H63 2019 DDC 226.3/0487—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019032435
DOI 10.3726/b15773

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche
Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are available
on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/.

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All rights reserved.
Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm,
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Contents

List of Tables and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Chapter One: Brief Understanding of the Greek Verb from Traditional to
Modern Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Greek Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Verbal Aspect and Aktionsart Working Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Aspectual Distinction (or Opposition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Perfect Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter Two: An Evaluation of Porter’s Markedness and Grounding with
Prominence for the Perfect Tense Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Markedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Binary Oppositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Multiple Oppositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Problem of Markedness Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Various Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
vi | the greek perfect tense in the gospel of mark and the epistle to the romans
Contingent on Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Porter’s Markedness in the Perfect Tense Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Foreground as ‘Deviation from a Norm’ in Poetic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Foreground as ‘Mainline’ in Non-Poetic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Transitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Temporality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Cognitive Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Aspect (or Tense) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Foreground as ‘Deviation from Two Normal Types of Information’
in Non-Poetic Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Porter’s Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Porter’s Foreground and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Porter’s Frontground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter Three: The Traditional Understanding of the Perfect, Compared with
Porter’s Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Dual Feature of the Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Pendulum Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Various Categories Suggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Anterior Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Development of the Perfect towards Anterior Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Scholars Who Accept Anterior Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Scholars Who Reject Anterior Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Three Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The First Category: The Perfect Working as a Finite Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Rule 1: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Non-Past Indicative
or Present Non-Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Rule 2: The Perfect Finite Verb with the Past Indicative or Aorist
Non-Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Second Category: The Perfect Participle Working
as an Adjective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Rule 3: The Perfect Participle with a Substantive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Chapter Four: The Perfect Tense in Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
The Perfect Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
The Perfect with the Non-Past Indicative or Present Non-Indicative
in Direct Discourse: Rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
πεπλήρωται, ἤγγικεν in 1:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
contents | vii
ἤγγικεν in 14:42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
δέδοται in 4:11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
ἐγήγερται in 6:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
ἐλήλυθεν in 9:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
πεποίηκεν in 7:37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
πεποιήκατε in 11:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ἥκασιν in 8:3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
γέγονεν in 9:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
γέγονεν in 13:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
προείρηκα in 13:23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
γέγονεν in 14:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
βέβληται in 9:42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
ἡτοίμασται in 10:40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Direct Discourse: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . 109
πεποίηκεν in 5:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
ἠκολουθήκαμέν in 10:28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
ἐξήρανται in 11:21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
The Perfect with the Past Indicative in Non-Direct
Discourse: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
The Perfect Non-Indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Perfect Participle: Rule 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
ἐξηραμμένην in 3:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ἐξηραμμένην in 11:20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
ἐσπαρμένον in 4:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
γεγονός, ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:14–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
βεβλημένον, ἐξεληλυθός in 7:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
περιβεβλημένος in 14:51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
περιβεβλημένον in 16:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
ὑποδεδεμένους in 6:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
πεπωρωμένην in 8:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
ἐληλυθυῖαν in 9:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
δεδεμένον in 11:2 and 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
εὐλογημένος, εὐλογημένη in 11:9–10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
ἐστρωμένον in 14:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
ἐσμυρνισμένον in 15:23, συνεσταυρωμένοι in 15:32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
ἐσταυρωμένον in 16:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
ἐγηγερμένον in 16:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Perfect Imperative and The Perfect Infinitive: Rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
viii | the greek perfect tense in the gospel of mark and the epistle to the romans
πεφίμωσο in 4:39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Individual Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
γέγραπται: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
οἶδα: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The Non-Indicative οἶδα: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The Non-Indicative Perfect Forms of ἵστημι and παρίστημι: Rule 3 . . . . 130
ἑστηκότων in 9:1 and 11:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
ἑστηκότα in 13:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
παρεστηκότων in 14:47, παρεστῶσιν in 14:69, παρεστῶτες in 14:70,
παρεστηκότων in 15:35, and παρεστηκώς in 15:39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
παρέστηκεν in 4:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
The Pluperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
The Pluperfect Active Indicative: Rule 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
δεδώκει in 14:44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
πεποιήκεισαν in 15:7, παραδεδώκεισαν in 15:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
ἐκβεβλήκει in 16:9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Pluperfect: ᾔδειν and εἰώθει: Rule 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
ᾔδειν in 1:34, 9:6, and 14:40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
εἰώθει in 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
The Pluperfect Periphrastic Construction: Rule 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
ἦν + S + ἐνδεδυμένος in 1:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
ἦν + S + ἐπισυνηγμένη in 1:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
ἦν + S + πεπωρωμένη in 6:52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
ἦν + S+ δεδεμένος in 15:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
ἦν + S + ἐπιγεγραμμένη in 15:26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
ὃ + ἦν + λελατομημένον in 15:46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Passage Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Mark 5:1–20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
δεδέσθαι, διεσπάσθαι, συντετρῖφθαι in 5:4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
γεγονός in 5:14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
ἱματισμένον, ἐσχηκότα in 5:15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
πεποίηκεν in 5:19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Mark 5:25–34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
ἴαται in 5:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
εἰδυῖα, γέγονεν in 5:33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
σέσωκεν in 5:34 and 10:52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Mark 7:24–30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
ἐξελήλυθεν in 7:29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
βεβλημένον in 7:30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151