The Greek Crisis and European Modernity PDF
Preview The Greek Crisis and European Modernity
IdentitiesandModernitiesinEurope AtsukoIchijo TheIdentitiesandModernitiesinEuropeseriesexaminesoneofthecentralissues inthesocialsciences,modernity,bywayofacomparativestudyofprocessesof Europeanisation.ArisingfromaEuropeanCommissionfundedFP7project,‘Iden- titiesandModernitiesinEurope’,aninternationalcollaborativeresearchproject, theseriesbringstogetherthelatestresearchfindingsintomodernitycarriedout bycutting-edgeresearchersacrossEuropeusing‘identity’and‘Europe’asaway intothestudyofmodernity. In the post-Cold War, 9/11 and Lehman Brothers era, which is also marked by a rapid pace of globalisation, questions concerning ‘Europe’ and identity are becoming more and more urgent and the debates are heating up. With the unfolding of the euro crisis, both ‘Europe’ and European identity are earnestly interrogatedonadailybasisbyawiderangeofpeople,notonlyattheperiph- ery of ‘Europe’ – both member states and non-member states of the European Union–butalsowithintheeuroarea.Infactthequestionof‘Europe’hasnot been so pertinent for a long time since the inception of the EU. This is taking placeagainstawiderbackgroundofrapidglobalisationwhichisaccompanied, perhaps paradoxically, by an increasingly fragmented world. In such a suppos- edly fragmenting world, identities inevitably attract more and more attention. Identitiesareamodernconcernand‘Europe’isthebirthplaceofthecurrently dominant form of modernity, and therefore these existential questions about ‘Europe’ and identities eventually lead to the questioning of modernity as we knowit.Theseriesendeavourstoaddresstheseconcernsbygatheringlatestand interdisciplinary research results about the idea of Europe, European identities andEuropeanisation. Thevolumescollectedintheseriespresentoriginalresearchgroundedinhistory, sociologyandanthropologyonthequestionof‘Europe’,identityandmodernity. Somecontributorspresentacomparativeanalysis;otherspresentaone-country basedcasestudy.ThegeographicalareascoveredintheseriesgobeyondtheEU andincludeTurkey,CroatiaandJapan.Variousdimensionsabout‘Europe’,iden- tityandmodernityareexplored:Europeanisationandmodernisation,tolerance, discursiveconstructionofEurope,religion,nationalism,collectiveidentitycon- structionandglobalisation.Avarietyofmethodstocollectdataareemployed: in-depth interviews, discourse analysis, civilisational analysis and biographical interviews.Eachvolume’snuancedanalysiswillcometogethertohelprealisea morecomprehensiveunderstandingof‘Europe’,identityandmodernity. Titlesinclude: SenemDüzgit CONSTRUCTIONSOFEUROPEANIDENTITY DebatesandDiscoursesonTurkeyandtheEU AstukoIchijo EUROPE,NATIONSANDMODERNITY AyhanKaya EUROPEANIZATIONANDTOLERANCEINTURKEY TheMythofToleration AtsukoIchijo NATIONALISMANDMULTIPLEMODERNITIES EuropeandBeyond RobertMillerandGrahamDay THEEVOLUTIONOFEUROPEANIDENTITIES BiographicalApproaches AnnaTriandafyllidou,RubyGropas,andHaraKouki THEGREEKCRISISANDEUROPEANMODERNITY IdentitiesandModernitiesinEurope SeriesStandingOrder:HBK:9780230308602PBK:9780230308619 (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England The Greek Crisis and European Modernity Editedby Anna Triandafyllidou EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Italy Ruby Gropas EuropeanUniversityInstitute,ItalyandDemocritusUniversityofThrace,Greece and Hara Kouki EuropeanUniversityInstitute,Italy Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©AnnaTriandafyllidou, RubyGropasandHaraKouki2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-27624-7 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-44658-2 ISBN 978-1-137-27625-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137276254 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. This book has been published under the auspices oftheresearchproject‘IdentitiesandModernities in Europe: ‘European and national identity con- structionprogrammes,politics,culture,historyand religion’ (IME) (2009–2012) (grant agreement no. SSH-CT-2009-215949),whichhasbeenfundedby the European Commission, DG Research and Innovation, Seventh Framework Programme,SocialSciencesandHumanitiesintheperiod2009–2012. Theinformationandviewssetoutinthisbook(report/study/article/publication,etc.) arethoseoftheauthorsonlyanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialopinionofthe EuropeanCommission. NeithertheEuropeanCommissionnoranypersonactingonbehalfoftheEuropean Commissionisresponsiblefortheusewhichmightbemadeofthefollowinginforma- tion.AgreatdealofadditionalinformationontheEuropeanUnionisavailableonthe Internet.ItcanbeaccessedthroughtheEuropaserver(http://europa.eu). For our parents, who, at this vulnerable time of their lives, have to face such harsh austerity. And for all the residents of Greece who do not give up on the hope that this country can change. Contents ListofFigures ix PrefaceandAcknowledgements x NotesonContributors xii 1 Introduction:IsGreeceaModernEuropeanCountry? 1 AnnaTriandafyllidou,RubyGropas,andHaraKouki 2 InternationalBubbles,EuropeanCurrencyUnion,and NationalFailures:TheCaseofGreeceandtheEuroCrisis 25 LoukasTsoukalis 3 WeAreAllGreeksNow!TheCrisisinGreeceinIts EuropeanandGlobalContext 44 YanisVaroufakis 4 OntheJacobinDimensionofGreekConstitutional Tradition 59 IoannisA.Tassopoulos 5 ‘Memoranda’:GreekExceptionalismortheMirror ofEurope’sFuture? 89 GeorgeKatrougalos 6 ReligioninContemporaryGreece–AModernExperience? 110 ThaliaDragonas 7 TheOrthodoxChurchinGreeceToday 132 StavrosZoumboulakis 8 TheCrisisandtheWelfareStateinGreece:AComplex Relationship 152 ManosMatsaganis 9 IstheCrisisaWatershedMomentfortheGreekWelfare State?TheChancesforModernizationamidstan AmbivalentEURecordon‘SocialEurope’ 178 MariaPetmesidou vii viii Contents 10 Postscript:CulturalDualismRevisited 208 P.NikiforosDiamandouros Index 233 Figures 3.1 TheGlobalMinotaur’sglobalsurplusrecycling mechanism 47 5.1 Personnelinpublicsector,2006–2011 99 9.1 GDPpercapita,socialexpenditure,andthe at-risk-of-povertyrate 180 9.2 Povertyratesfor75yearsandabove 193 ix Preface and Acknowledgements The idea for this book was conceived during a conversation that the three of us had over coffee in December 2011 in Athens; indeed, it was the nth such conversation we had shared about what was wrong withGreeceasacountry,whytheausteritymeasurestakenbythethen Socialist government were not leading anywhere, whether there were any alternative ways to deal with the crisis, why Greek citizens were notbehavingas‘expected’.Naturally,wedidnotagreeamongourselves on our diagnosis, or on our suggested ‘cure’ of the Greek patient. Our thenongoingresearchworkontheIMEProject,whichconcentratedon identitiesandmodernitiesindifferentEuropeancountries(thethreeof us formed the Greek research team working from the Hellenic Foun- dation for European and Foreign Policy, Athens (ELIAMEP) for IME), provided a challenging theoretical framework, the theory of multiple modernities.Accordingtothisapproach,Europeancountriescouldtrace a path towards modernity in their own ways and not according to a predefined (Western) ‘paradigm.’ Suddenly, it seemed that Greece was proposing a different way of being modern. While everyday stories seemedtochallengetheviabilityofthis‘alternativeroadtomodernity’, wefeltwehadatheoreticalbasisfromwhichtodepart. Weunearthedsomeoldphotocopies(fromthetimewhenonehadto gophysicallyintoalibrarytocopybookchaptersandjournalpapers)of several interesting works by sociologists and political scientists of the previous generation, notably Constantine Tsoukalas, Nikos Mouzelis, andNikiforosDiamandouros,andstartedreadingagain.Whatwaspuz- zling–andalsosad–wasthatthesetextssoundedsocontemporaryand sofamiliar.Yetatthesametime,thingshadchanged.Sowethoughtit wouldbeinterestingtoasksomeoftheprominentintellectualsofthis decadetosharetheiropinionsontheissue:wasthereanythingmoreor differenttosay? Thatishowthisbookwasstartedandhowwebegancontactingcon- tributors,invitingthemtojoininthisattempttounderstandthecrisis, itscauses,anditseffects.Theyallacceptedwholeheartedly,despitelead- ingverybusylives.Ithasactuallybeenachallengingprocesstogetthese people to write and revise their chapters while sticking to our focus x
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