£ © ½ ¾ É Ü à â ä ç è é ê ó ô ö ü Ł & – — ‘ ’ “ ” … ś THE GREAT WAR ALSO BY PETER HART Gallipoli 1918: A Very British Victory Aces Falling: War Above the Trenches, 1918 The Somme Bloody April: Slaughter in the Skies Over Arras, 1917 Somme Success: The RFC and the Battle of the Somme WITH NIGEL STEEL Tumult in the Clouds Defeat at Gallipoli Passchendaele Jutland 1916 THE GREAT WAR A Combat History of the First World War PETER HART Oxford University Press Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Peter Hart 2013 First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Profile Books Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Peter, 1955– The Great War : a combat history of the First World War / Peter Hart. pages cm “First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Profile Books Ltd.”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19997627-0 (acid-free paper) 1. World War, 1914-1918— Campaigns. I. Title. D521.H327 2013 940.4—dc23 2012049148 ISBN-13: 978-0-19997627-0 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Maps Preface 1 The Road to War 2 The Western Front, 1914 3 The Eastern Front, 1914 4 The Sea War, 1914–15 5 The Western Front, 1915 6 The Eastern Front, 1915 7 Gallipoli, 1915 8 Salonika, 1915–18 9 The Western Front, 1916 10 The Eastern Front, 1916 11 The Sea War, 1916 12 Mesopotamia, 1914–18 13 The Eastern Front, 1917–18 14 The Sea War, 1917–18 15 The Western Front, 1917 16 Italy, 1915–18 17 The Sinai and Palestinian Campaigns, 1915–18 18 The Western Front, 1918 19 A World Without War? Notes Acknowledgements Picture Credits Index MAPS Western Front, 1914–18 Eastern Front, 1914–18 Naval Warfare, 1916 Gallipoli, 1915 Salonika, 1915–18 Mesopotamia, 1914–18 Italy, 1915–18 Egypt and Palestine, 1914–18