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3 CHRONICLES OF CANADA Edited by George M. Wrong and H. H. Langton In thirty-two volumes 6 THE GREAT INTENDANT BY THOMAS CHAPAIS Part II The Rise of New France 4 Louis XIV, From a painting in the Versailles Gallery 5 THE GREAT INTENDANT A Chronicle of Jean Talon in Canada 1665-1672 BY THOMAS CHAPAIS TORONTO GLASGOW, BROOK & COMPANY 1921 Copyright in all Countries subscribing to the Berne Convention Printed by T. and A. Constable Ltd., University Press Edinburgh, Scotland 6 Table of Contents I. To the Rescue of New France II. New France in 1665 III. The Iroquois Subdued IV. A Colonial Colbert V. The Intendant and the Sovereign Council VI. Talon and the Clergy VII. Talon's Eventful Journey VIII. Renewed efforts and progress IX. Talon's Administration Ends BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE INDEX 7 ILLUSTRATIONS LOUIS XIV From a painting in the Versailles Gallery. NEW FRANCE AND ADJACENT COUNTRIES Map by Bartholomew. JEAN TALON After a painting in the Hôtel-Dieu, Quebec. QUEBEC CITY IN TALON'S TIME. From an old print. BISHOP LAVAL From a painting in Laval University, Quebec. JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT From an engraving in the Dominion Archives. 8 New France and Adjacent Countries in Talon's Time Map by Bartholomew. 9 CHAPTER I TO THE RESCUE OF NEW FRANCE When the year 1665 began, the French colony on the shores of the St Lawrence, founded by the valour and devotion of Champlain, had been in existence for more than half a century. Yet it was still in a pitiable state of weakness and destitution. The care and maintenance of the settlement haddevolvedupontradingcompanies,andtheirnarrow-mindedmercantile selfishness had stifled its progress. From other causes, also, there had been but little growth. Cardinal Richelieu, the great French minister, had tried at onetimetoinfusenewlifeintothecolony[1]buthisfirstattemptshadbeen unlucky, and later on his absorbed in the wider field of European politics. To the shackles of commercial greed, to forgetfulness on the part of the mother country, had been added the curse of Indian wars. During twenty- five years the daring and ferocious Iroquois had been the constant scourge ofthehandfulofsettlers,traders,andmissionaries.Champlain'ssuccessors in the office of governor, Montmagny, Ailleboust, Lauzon, Argenson, Avaugour, had no military force adequate to the task of meeting and crushing these formidable foes. Year after year the wretched colony maintained its struggle for existence amidst deadly perils, receiving almost nohelpfromFrance,andtoallappearancedoomedtodestruction.Tomake thingsworse,internalstrifeexerciseditsdisintegratinginfluence;therewas contentionamongtheleadersinNewFranceoverthevexedquestionofthe liquor traffic. In the face of so many adverse circumstances--complete lack of means, cessation of immigration from the mother country, the perpetual menace of the bloody Iroquois incursions, a dying trade, and a stillborn agriculture--how could the colony be kept alive at all? Spiritual and civil authorities, the governor and the bishop, the Jesuits and the traders, all united in petitioning for assistance. But the motherland was far away, and European wars and rivalries were engrossing all her attention. Fortunately a change was at hand. The prolonged struggle of the Thirty Years' War and of the war against Spain had been ended by the treaty of Münster and Osnabrück in 1648 and by that of the Pyrenees in 1659. The civil dissensions of the Fronde were over, thanks to the skilful policy 10 of Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu's successor. After the death of Mazarin in 1661, Louis XIV had taken into his own hands the reins of administration. He was young, painstaking, and ambitious; and he wanted to be not only king but the real ruler of his kingdom. In Jean Baptiste Colbert, the man who had been Mazarin's right hand, he had the good fortune to find one of the best administrators in all French history. Colbert soon won the king's confidence. He was instrumental in detecting the maladministration of Fouquet as superintendent of Finance, and became a member of the council appointed to investigate and report on all financial questions. Of this body he was the leading spirit from the beginning. Although at first withoutthetitleofminister,hewaspromptlyinvestedwithawideauthority over the finances, trade, agriculture, industry, and marine affairs. Within twoyearshehadshownhisworthandhadjustifiedtheking'schoice.Great and beneficial reforms had been accomplished in almost every branch of the administration. The exhausted treasury had been replenished, trade and industry were encouraged, agriculture was protected, and a navy created. Under a progressive government France seemed to awake to new life. The hour was auspicious for the entreaties of New France. Petitions and statements were addressed to the king by Mgr de Laval, the head of ecclesiastical affairs in the colony, by the governor Avaugour, and by the Jesuit fathers; and Pierre Boucher, governor of the district of Three Rivers, was sent to France as a delegate to present them. Louis and his minister studied the conditions of the colony on the St Lawrence and decided in 1663 to give it a new constitution. The charter of the One Hundred Associates was cancelled and the old Council of Quebec--formed in 1647--was reorganized under the name of the Sovereign Council. This new governing body was to be composed of the governor, the bishop, the intendant, an attorney-general, a secretary, and five councillors. It was invested with a general jurisdiction forthe administration ofjustice in civil andcriminalmatters.Ithadalsotodealwiththequestionsofpolice,roads, finance, and trade. To establish a new and improved system of administration was a good thing, but this alone would hardly avail if powerful help were not forthcoming to rescue New France from ruin, despondency, and actual 11 extermination. The colony was dying for lack of soldiers, settlers, and labourers, as well as stores of food and munitions of war for defence and maintenance. Louis XIV made up his mind that help should be given. In 1664 three hundred labourers were conveyed to Quebec at the king's expense, and in the following year the colonists received the welcome information that the king was also about to send them a regiment of trained soldiers, a viceroy, a new governor, a new intendant, settlers and labourers, and all kinds of supplies. This royal pledge was adequately fulfilled. On June 19, 1665, the Marquis de Tracy, lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, arrived from the West Indies, where he had successfully discharged the first part of the mission entrusted to him by his royal master. With him came four companies of soldiers. During thewholesummershipsweredisembarkingtheirpassengersandunloading their cargoes of ammunition and provisions at Quebec in quick succession. It is easy to imagine the rapture of the colonists at such a sight, and the enthusiastic shouts that welcomed the first detachment of the splendid regiment of Carignan-Salières. At length, on September 12, the cup of public joy was filled to overflowing by the arrival of the ship Saint Sebastien with two high officials on board, David de Remy, Sieur de Courcelle, the governor appointed to succeed the governor Mézy, who had died earlier in the year,and Jean Talon, the intendant ofjustice, police, and finance. The latter had been selected to replace the Sieur Robert, who had been made intendant in 1663, but, for some unknown reason, had never come to Canada to perform the duties of his office. The triumvirate on whom was imposed the noble task of saving and reviving New France was thus complete. The Marquis de Tracy was an able and clear-sighted commander, the Sieur de Courcelle a fearless, straightforward official. But the part of Jean Talon in the common task, though apparently less brilliant, was to be in many respects the most important, and his influence the most far-reaching in the destinies of the colony. 12